1. Chapter 5 Phonemic Awareness  Phonemic awareness is children’s basic understanding that speech is composed of a series of individual sounds, and it provides the foundation for phonics and spelling.

2. Chapter 5 Teaching Phonemic Awareness  Sound-Matching Activities  Sound-Isolation Activities  Sound-Blending Activities  Sound Addition Activities  Sound Substitution Activities

3. Chapter 5 Phonics  Phonics is the set of relationships between phonology (the sounds in speech) and orthography (the spelling patterns of written language).

4. Chapter 5 Phonics Concepts  Consonants  Vowels  Blending into words  Phonograms  Phonics Rules

5. Chapter 5 Teaching Phonics  Explicit Instruction  Application Activities

6. Chapter 5 Stages of Spelling Development  Stage 1: Emergent Spelling  Stage 2: Letter Name-Alphabetic Spelling  Stage 3: Within-Word Pattern Spelling  Stage 4: Syllables and Affixes Spelling  Stage 5: Derivational Relations Spelling

7. Chapter 5 Teaching Spelling  Word Walls  Making Words  Word Sorts  Interactive Writing  Proofreading  Dictionary Use  Spelling Options

8. Chapter 5 How Effective Teachers Assist Students in Cracking the Alphabetic Code  Teachers teach students to “crack the code” through phonemic awareness, phonics, and spelling instruction.  Teachers build on students’ phonemic awareness to teach phonics and spelling.  Teachers develop students’ ability to use phonemic awareness, phonics, and spelling strategies.  Teachers teach high-utility phonics concepts, rules, phonograms, and spelling patterns.  Teachers recognize that students’ spelling errors are a measure of their understanding of phonics.

9. Resources:  Tompkins, Gail E. (2014). Literacy for the 21st century A balanced approach. Boston, MA: Pearson (6th edition)