1. Mitosis/ Meiosis SC.912.L.16.14 describe the specific events that occur in each of the stages of the cell cycle (which include the phases of mitosis:) – interphase (Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2) – prophase – metaphase – anaphase – telophase – cytokinesis explain how new cells are created through mitosis explain why maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction is important SC.912.L.16.8 describe cancer as uncontrolled cell growth that may have resulted from mutations affecting cell cycle-regulating proteins SC.912.L.16.16 describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores SC.912.L16.17 differentiate the processes of mitosis and meiosis model or diagram the process of mitosis and meiosis explain how sexual and asexual reproduction may contribute or limit genetic variation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bKyT5_s_dE

2. Gap 1 (G1)- cells perform normal function, cells grow and replicate organelle; checkpoint Synthesis (S)- cell synthesizes a whole new copy of DNA (in nucleus in eukaryotic cells), at end of stage there are two copies of DNA Gap 2 (G2)- additional growth; second checkpoint Mitosis (M)- two parts: mitosis and cytokinesis – Mitosis is division of cell nucleus and DNA inside – Cytokinesis is division of contents (cytoplasm) Interphase Cell Cycle

3. What are the stages of mitosis and how do they produce identical copies of cells? Mitosis= cell division Before Cell Division ▫ Interphase- Chromosomes duplicate, cell prepares for mitosis Mitosis Stages ▫ Prophase- Chromosomes condense ▫ Metaphase- Chromosomes meet in the middle ▫ Anaphase- Chromosome pull away ▫ Telophase- cell separating ▫ Cytokinesis- Separation of cells is complete PMAT

4. How does mitosis maintain the chromosome number in the parent cells? The chromosomes duplicate (make a copy of) themselves before cell division or mitosis. – Occurs in interphase, when the cell is preparing to divide.

5. How does mitosis allow for asexual reproduction? Mitosis is making an exact copy of the cell. In my mitosis there no exchange or recombination of DNA. – Examples of Asexual Reproduction: Cutting off a piece of plant and replanting it, budding, and binary fission in bacteria.

6. What are the steps in meiosis that result in the formation of haploid gametes? Haploid= half the number of chromosomes ▫ Ex: Human gametes are haploid (23 chromosomes) The chromosomes in the original cell duplicate and the cell then goes through two cell divisions. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ba9LXKH2ztU&feature=related

7. How can independent assortment and crossing over occur during meiosis? Both crossing over and independent assortment results in genetically unique gametes Crossing over -the exchange of chromosome pieces between homologous chromosomes. –.

8. Independent Assortment Independent assortment- Chromosomes can arrange themselves independently during meiosis.

9. Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction and how does it allow for creating genetic diversity? Meiosis creates gametes. Each cell created as a result of meiosis are different because of independent assortment and crossing over

10. How are mitosis and meiosis similar but different? MitosisMeiosis Starts with 1 diploid cell Ends with 2 diploid cells Starts with 1 diploid cell Ends with 4 haploid cells Occurs in somatic cellsCreates gametes (sex cells) Creates cells that are identical Creates cells that are genetically different

11. Cancer Cancer- uncontrolled cell growth that may have resulted from mutations affecting cell cycle- regulating proteins

12. Carcinogens are substances known to promote cancer. Standard cancer treatments typically kill both cancerous and healthy cells.

13. Cancer cells do not carry out necessary functions. Cancer cells come from normal cells with damage to genes involved in cell-cycle regulation.

14. Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer. Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called tumors. cancer cell bloodstream normal cell –Benign tumors remain clustered and can be removed. –Malignant tumors metastasize, or break away, and can form more tumors.

15. Do you really understand this? Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cellular reproduction. Which of the following describes and event that results from mitosis but NOT meiosis? A. two stages of cell division B. replication of cellular genetic material C. daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell D. four daughter cells that are produced from each parent cell How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different from each other? A. sexual reproduction requires two parents and asexual reproduction requires only one parent B. asexual reproduction requires two parents and sexual reproduction requires only one parent C. mutation rates are lower in sexual reproduction than in asexual reproduction D. asexual reproduction occurs only in multicellular organisms

16. What is the name of this process? A. meiosis B. mitosis C. endocytosis D. phagocytosis

17. Which of the following correctly describes the process being illustrated? A. mutation in which the DNA content of the gene is altered B. segregation of sister chromatids C. condensation and segregation of alleles D. crossing-over in which alleles are exchanged