1. Conceptual models of deforestation impact on precipitation - Avissar et al., 2002 Evidences of changes in rainfall caused by deforestation Carey et al 2001

2. Soil erosion and water regulation

3. Fire-sensitive ecosystem Old agricultural terraces colonised by pine forest Unburned: Very low sediment yield, rainfall amount dependent Burned: High sediment yield was plant cover dependent. Degradative dynamics changed from 50% cover. CEAM

6. Loss of plant cover, soil water infiltration and soil moisture Soil erosion Increased water scarcity Drought Land degradation DESERTIFICATION Improvement of water availability is necessary to restore desertified lands + + + +

7. STRATEGIES FOR POST-FIRE & DEGRADED LAND REHABILITATION CEAM

8. Limestones: Marls: Pinus halepensis 78 Age (Months) 061218243036424854606672849096102 108 % Survival 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Quercus ilex ssp ballota 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 PLANTATIONS (1992) 78 Age (Months) 061218243036424854606672849096102 108 CEAM

9. LENGTH OF DRY PERIOD 16014012010080604020 % MORTALITY Pinus halepensisQuercus cocciferaQuercus ilex ssp. ballota 100 80 60 40 20 0 THE DROUGHT CEAM

10. Improving plant survival Overcoming plantation shock CEAM

11. Pistacia lentiscusArbutus unedo Rhamnus alaternus The role of diversity

12. OPTIONS …. Species diversification, ecotypes, genotypes, manipulating species plasticity Micro-habitat conditioners Soil preparation and amendment (threshold limit for most woody species in our drylands: 40 cm soil depth) managing plant-plant interactions In order to: Overcome transplanting shock Survive dry spells Grow during wet spells CEAM

13. PLANT QUALITY CEAM

14. Quercus species CEAM

15. 20 60 40 cm WC - + Soil profile CEAM

16. 20 60 40 cm WC - +  deeper soil exploration by roots  higher root biomass at 30 - 60 cm  access to moist soil layers in summer Soil profile