2. 4.2 ECOSYSTEMS What is an ecosystem? The BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factors in an ecosystem. What is ecology? The study of the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

3. BIOTIC Factors  Living or biological influences on organisms ABIOTIC Factors NNNNonliving influences on organisms PPPPrecipitation WWWWind SSSSoil Rocks Air Sunlight Temperature

5. Biotic and Abiotic factors determine...  survival and growth of organisms  productivity of the ecosystem

6. HABITAT vs. NICHE  Habitat  Niche  The area in which an organism lives (organism’s specific home)  The role (JOB) the organism plays within its habitat  How does it interact with the biotic and abiotic factors??  Survival …What it eats, who eats it, how it eats, how it reproduces What is Your niche?

7. Community Interactions CCCCompetition – occurs when organisms attempt to use the same RESOURCE in the same place and time. RRRResource – anything necessary for life DDDDirect Competition results in winner and loser (may not survive)

8. Competitive exclusion principle  no two species can occupy the same niche and habitat at the same time.

9. Symbiosis (3 types) Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism both organisms benefit one organism benefits one organism is unaffected one organism is harmed Any relationship in which two species live closely together

10. Parasites OOOOrganisms that feed on or get nutrients from another organism. PPPParasites live off of and weaken, they do not kill their host. IIIIf they killed their host for food, they would be a ________________. HHHHOST – the organism the parasite feeds off of Predator

11.  Symbiosis – YouTube Symbiosis – YouTube Symbiosis – YouTube

12. Mutualism: both benefit Example 2: Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner Fish gets a meal

13. Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected Example 4: Clown fish with anemone Clown fish gets protection Anemone is unaffected

14. Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed Example 5: Taenia worm in human eye Worm infects human blood stream Human may go blind

15. Orchid and Tree (unharmed)

16. Example 6: Deer and Tick

17. Example 1: Shrimp & Goby Fish The shrimp digs and cleans a burrow Goby alerts the shrimp

18. Lamprey sucks blood from fish

19. Ants (protects) & Aphids (produce sweet liquid for the ant to drink)

20. Mites travel on the insect from one point to another…

22. SUMMARY QUIZ??? 1. What is MUTUALISM? 2. What is COMMENSALISM? Both Benefit One benefits and one is unaffected 3. What is PARASITISM? One benefits and one is harmed

23. Birds eat insects and parasites off of rhino

24. Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal

25. Cleaner Fish & Larger Fish

26. Remora eat scraps from shark

27. Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected Example 3: Cattle with cattle egrets Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass Egrets hang around and eat insects