1. Homeostasis I. Introduction A. Definition B. Purpose Regulators versus Conformers = Problems and/or advantages exist for each strategy?

2. How to get rid of nitrogenous waste? Figure 44.8

3. II. Thermoregulation A. Q 10 Effect B. Heat Loss or Gain Causes of heat loss or gain  convection, radiation, evaporation, and conduction Figure 40.13Figure 40.11

4. C. Strategies Generally Endotherms or Ectotherms Figure 40.7 Homeotherm, Heterotherm, or Poikilotherm

5. D. Adjustments 1. Vasodilatation/vasoconstriction, Figure 40.12 2. Countercurrent Exchanges, 3. Evaporative Losses, Figure 40.14

6. 4. behavioral responses, and Figure 40.13 5. metabolic shifting

7. E. Regulation Negative feedback loop monitored by the hypothalamus Figure 40.16

8. F. Extreme Adjustments 1. Daily torpor,and 3. Hibernation2. Estivation,

9. III. H 2 O Regulation A. Osmolarity B. Regulation Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses 1. Aquatic Strategies a. Stenohaline b. Euryhaline c. Marine Fishes d. Freshwater Fishes 1. Definition

10. Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses

11. Figure 44.3a Figure 44.3b

12. e. Anadromous versus f. Catadromous

13. 2. Terrestrial Strategies a. Wax b. Keratinized Cells c. Scales d. Mucous Membranes e. Behavior f. Anhydrobiosis Figure 44.5

14. g. Specific Glands or Cells Figure 44.7

15. IV. Excretory Strategies A. Processes & Systems Excretion involves filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. Figure 44.10 What system(s) are involved in these processes? Integumentary Digestive Respiratory Urinary

16. Flame Cell == direct method Figure 44.11 1. Protonephridia B. Urinary Strategies a. Structureb. Function

17. Ciliated Nephrostome filters and excrete thru a Nephridiopore Figure 44.12 2. Metanephridia a. Structure

18. b. Function This system has both an excretory and an osmoregulatory function.

19. Figure 44.13 3. Malpighian Tubes a. Structure

20. Establish osmotic gradients in the tubes dump into midgut. Reabsorption thru rectum and exits with the feces. b. Function

21. 4. Vertebrate Kidneys a. Structure Vertebrate Kidneys have two main components: nephrons and tubes. Figure 44.14

22. b. Function The nephron == Bowman’s capsule, PCT, PST, Loop of Henle, DST, and the DCT Figure 44.13d

23. c. Vascularization renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta, and renal vein Figure 44.14

24. d. Making Urine i. Reabsorbii. Concentrate Filtrateiii. Establish Gradient iv. Adjust Osmolarityv. Reabsorb Water Figure 44.15 Figure 44.16

25. e. Control i. blood pressure, ii. filtrate concentrations, and iii. hormone production Figure 44.19