1. Specialized Senses

2. Smell Olfaction Olfactory epithelium: receptors, supporting cells, stem cells Olfactory glands secrete mucous to cover epithelium ~10-20 million receptors in ~5 square cm Olfactory bulb

4. Taste Gustation (taste buds) Tongue, pharynx, larynx Papillae (epithelial projections) Circumvallate papillae- most dense region of taste buds Gustatory cells/taste hairs Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

6. Vision Palpebrae: windshield wipers for the eye Lacrimal caruncle: eye boogers Sty: sebaceous gland infection Conjuctiva: mucous membrane of the eye Conjuctivitis Lacrimal gland (tears)

7. Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye Inferior rectus Medial rectus Superior rectus Lateral rectus Inferior oblique Superior oblique

9. The Eye Fibrous tunic: outermost layer of eye Sclera (blood flow/muscle attachment) and cornea Mechanical support/physical protection, attachment for muscles, focusing Vascular tunic: Iris (blood vessels, pigments, instrinsic muscles), ciliary body, choroid

10. The Eye Neural tunic (retina) Pigmented part Absorbs light Neural part Photoreceptors, supporting cells/neurons, blood vessels

11. The Retina Rods: light sensitive Cones: color sensitive Macula Lutea (“yellow spot”) Highest concentration of cones Fovea centralis Optic Disk: origin of the optic disk Blood vessel entry/exit Blind spot

12. Disorders of the Eye Emmetropia (normal vision) Myopia: nearsightnedness Hyperopia: farsightedness Colorblindness

14. Anatomy of the Ear External ear Collects/directs sound Pinna, external auditory meatus, ceruminous glands, tympanic membrane Middle ear (tympanic cavity) Amplify sounds Auditory tube (eustachian tube), auditory ossicles Inner ear Auditory processing/balance Oval window, bony labyrinth

16. Bony Labyrinth Vestibule Gravity and linear acceleration Semicircular canals Balance in 3D Continuous with vestibule Cochlea Hearing organ Cochlear duct: houses receptors to detect sound Endolymph: found in semicircular canals and cochlea Perilymph: found between bony and membranous labyrinth

17. Stereocilia Receptors found in ear Detect balance and sound Ampulla: swollen region in semicircular ducts Cupula: site of embedding for stereocilia

18. Hearing Pitch determined by region stimulated Intensity determined by how many stereocilia are stimulated Basilar membrane: site of attachment for stereocilia Tectorial membrane: stereocilia pushed into this membrane

19. Deafness 2 types: Conduction deafness: outer or middle ear, blocks transmission of sound All frequencies are affected Hearing aids Sensorineural deafness: neural damage or damage to the cochlea Affects quiet sounds, loud sounds might sound muffled Cochlear implant

20. Activity Under the notes, write a one paragraph explanation of how the eye focuses light, and how the ear processes sound and balance. Look up the following disorders and write a short description (1-2 sentences) of each disorder Macular degeneration, cataracts, and tinnitus