1. 25 Optical Instruments Lectures by James L. Pazun Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley

2. Goals for Chapter 25 To study the camera and the projector. To see the eye as an optical instrument. To review by doing examples pertaining to magnifiers, microscopes, and telescopes.

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley The camera – Figure 25.1 The shutter controls the exposure time and this depends on the film (which would be chemistry, the darkening of silver salts on exposure to light). The size of the opening provides interesting physics and is calibrated as “f-stops”. See page 838 in your text.

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Using the f-stop – Figure 25.3 This problem shows us the physics behind what photographers refer to as “depth of field”. Refer to worked Example 25.1

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley The digital camera – Figure 25.4 The digital camera is an elegant triumph of engineering. The photodiode shown next to the quarter serves as the film. The challenge was to bring a diode array to a density that rivaled the clarity of film photography. New digital cameras with megapixel resolution can do this.

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley A better diode array already found in nature? The insect eye shown on page 841 rivals or exceeds any digital camera or projector yet produced.

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley The projector – Figure 25.5 The position of the projector bulb, lens, and screen image actually serve as a “camera in reverse”

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Dimensions for a slide projector – Figure 25.6 The size of the slide, the size of the room, and the dimensions of the screen will dictate what type of optics are appropriate. Refer to worked Example 25.2.

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley The eye – Figure 25.7 The physics of eyeball optics and the chemistry of rhodopsin’s conformational changes to produce sight is a masterpiece of design and function.

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Aging changes the focal point of an eye – Table 25.1

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Overview of defects in vision – Figure 25.8 More often than not, myopia is a problem for younger patients. Myopia is difficulty bringing distant objects into focus. Again more often than not, hyperopia is a problem for older patients. Hyperopia is difficulty bringing objects close to the eye into focus.

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Astigmatism - Figure 25.9 Astigmatism is a uniformity of image issue. In common terms, myopic and hyperoptic vision is an issue of near and far. Astigmatism is side to side.

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Hyperoptic correction – Figure 25.10 As you get older you may find that reading the yellow pages has you holding the book far enough away from your face that it is difficult to hold it still. The correction is magnification.

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Myopic correction – Figure 25.11 You may remember squinting to see the blackboard in grade school (changing depth of field). Glasses, followed by contacts, finally corrected with LASIK can fix the problem by using diverging lenses to bring the focus from the middle of the eye to the retina.

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Quantitative hyperoptic correction – Figure 25.12 Refer to worked Example 25.3 on page 844.

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley The magnifier – Figure 25.14 Taking advantage of a converging lens, position relative to the object and angular size, visual perception of an object is magnified. Refer to Conceptual Analysis 25.1 and worked Example 25.5 on page 847.

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley The microscope – Figure 25.15 Refer to Conceptual Analysis 25.2 and worked Example 25.6 on page 847.

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley The telescope – Figure 25.16 Taking advantage of a converging lens, position relative to the object and angular size, visual perception of an object is magnified just like the microscope changing only order of optics. Refer to Conceptual Analysis 25.3 on page 851.

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison-Wesley Reflecting telescopes – Figure 25.18 Using mirrors rather than lenses, optical aberrations may be avoided. The Hubble Space Telescope is this type of instrument.