1. SBL 100 Dr. Tapan K. Chaudhuri (course co-ordinator) Email: tkchaudhuri@bioschool.iitd.ac.in

2. SBL100-Jan 2016-Semester Slot C-Tuesday/Wednesday/Friday-8am to 9.00am Course contents: Dr. Archana Chugh Engineering designs inspired by examples in biology Aging Cellular assemblies, From prokaryotes to eukaryotes Engineering aspects of some noble Prizes in Physiology and medicine & chemistry/ recent advances in Biology Single to multicellular organisms Stem cells Prof. S. E. Hasnain Evolution and Molecular perspectives Infection and disease Evolution in disease-synergy and antagonism Immunology Classification of systems in biology Apotosis Epigenetics Prof. Tapan K. Chaudhuri 3D structure and function of large biological molecules Techniques in biophysics and biochemistry Genetic engineering, gene regulation Cancer biology, drug design Fundamental units of life Geometry, structures and energetics Biological machines

10. CD spectroscopy Circular dichroism (CD) is the difference in the absorption of left ‐ handed circularly polarised light (L ‐ CPL) and right ‐ handed circularly polarised light (R ‐ CPL) and occurs when a molecule contains one or more chiral chromophores (light ‐ absorbing groups). Circular dichroism = ΔA(λ) = A(λ)LCPL ‐ A(λ)RCPL, where λ is the wavelength The most widely studied circular dichroism signatures are the various secondary structural elements of proteins such as the α ‐ helix and the β sheet. This is understood to the point that CD spectra in the far ‐ UV (below 260nm) can be used to predict the percentages of each secondary structural element in the structure of a protein. Some of the common protein secondary structural elements and the CD spectra associated with them are shown below:

11. Fluorescence Spectroscopy Molecules have various states referred to as energy levels. Fluorescence spectroscopy is primarily concerned with electronic and vibrational states. Generally, the species being examined has a ground electronic state (a low energy state) of interest, and an excited electronic state of higher energy. Within each of these electronic states are various vibrational states.[1] In fluorescence, the species is first excited, by absorbing a photon, from its ground electronic state to one of the various vibrational states in the excited electronic state. Collisions with other molecules cause the excited molecule to lose vibrational energy until it reaches the lowest vibrational state of the excited electronic state. This process is often visualized with a Jablonski diagram.[1] The molecule then drops down to one of the various vibrational levels of the ground electronic state again, emitting a photon in the process.[1] As molecules may drop down into any of several vibrational levels in the ground state, the emitted photons will have different energies, and thus frequencies. Therefore, by analysing the different frequencies of light emitted in fluorescent spectroscopy, along with their relative intensities, the structure of the different vibrational levels can be determined.

12. Cancer Biology Cancer, also known as a malignant tumor or malignant neoplasm, is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [1][2] Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumorsdo not spread to other parts of the body. [2] Possible signs and symptoms include: a new lump, abnormal bleeding, a prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements among others. [3] While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may also occur due to other issues. [3] There are over 100 different known cancers that affect humansmalignanttumorneoplasmcell growth [1][2]benign tumors [2]signs and symptomsweight lossbowel movements [3] Metastasis Cancer can spread from its original site by local spread, lymphatic spread to regional lymph nodes or by blood (haematogenous spread) to distant sites, known as metastasis. When cancer spreads by a haematogenous route, it usually spreads all over the body. However, cancer 'seeds' grow in certain selected site only ('soil') as hypothesized in the soil and seed hypothesis of cancer metastasis. The symptoms of metastatic cancers depend on the location of the tumor, and can includeenlarged lymph nodes (which can be felt or sometimes seen under the skin and are typically hard), enlarged liver or enlarged spleen, which can be felt in the abdomen, pain or fracture of affected bones, and neurological symptoms. [ 26]enlarged lymph nodesenlarged liverenlarged spleen abdomenfractureneurological [ 26] Causes: The great majority of cancers, some 90–95% of cases, are due to environmental factors. The remaining 5–10% are due to inherited genetics. [5] Environmental, as used by cancer researchers, means any cause that is not inherited genetically, such as lifestyle, economic and behavioral factors, and not merely pollution. [28] Common environmental factors that contribute to cancer death include tobacco (25–30%), diet and obesity (30–35%), infections (15–20%), radiation (both ionizing and non-ionizing, up to 10%), stress, lack of physical activity, and environmental pollutants.environmental factorsinherited genetics [5]Environmentalinherited genetically [28]tobaccoobesityinfectionsradiationphysical activityenvironmental pollutants

13. Metastasis Cancer can spread from its original site by local spread, lymphatic spread to regional lymph nodes or by blood (haematogenous spread) to distant sites, known as metastasis. When cancer spreads by a haematogenous route, it usually spreads all over the body. However, cancer 'seeds' grow in certain selected site only ('soil') as hypothesized in the soil and seed hypothesis of cancer metastasis. The symptoms of metastatic cancers depend on the location of the tumor, and can include enlarged lymph nodes (which can be felt or sometimes seen under the skin and are typically hard), enlarged liver or enlarged spleen, which can be felt in the abdomen, pain or fracture of affected bones, and neurological symptoms. [26]enlarged lymph nodesenlarged liverenlarged spleenabdomenfractureneurological [26]