1. Chapter 17 Section 2 Notes The U.S. (FDR) & Britain (Churchill) unite after Pearl Harbor The U.S. (FDR) & Britain (Churchill) unite after Pearl Harbor The Plan The Plan Focus on Germany and Italy 1 st, Japan 2 nd. Focus on Germany and Italy 1 st, Japan 2 nd.

2. The Battle of the Atlantic After Pearl Harbor, Hitler orders sinking of all U.S. ships After Pearl Harbor, Hitler orders sinking of all U.S. ships His goal = stop food or war materials from reaching Britain = surrender His goal = stop food or war materials from reaching Britain = surrender At 1st, Germany very successful At 1st, Germany very successful Wolf packs sank a bunch of ships in Wolf packs sank a bunch of ships in early stages of the war (see graph) early stages of the war (see graph) Led by German Admiral Karl Doenitz Led by German Admiral Karl Doenitz

3. U.S. organizes convoys to take control Cargo (supply) ships escorted by Cargo (supply) ships escorted by Destroyers (with sonar to detect underwater) Destroyers (with sonar to detect underwater) Planes (with radar to detect vessels on surface) Planes (with radar to detect vessels on surface) Very successful, especially when combined with extra ships being made in U.S. (Section 1). Germany can’t compete eventually (being bombed) Very successful, especially when combined with extra ships being made in U.S. (Section 1). Germany can’t compete eventually (being bombed)

4. The Battle Between Russia & Germany Why Did Hitler Invade Russia? Why Did Hitler Invade Russia? More land More land More resources (oil especially) More resources (oil especially) More Jews More Jews Started fighting in summer of 1941 Started fighting in summer of 1941 Russia lost a bunch of territory in 1 st 6 months Russia lost a bunch of territory in 1 st 6 months Winter slowed Germans down outside of major cities Winter slowed Germans down outside of major cities Stalingrad

5. Battle of Stalingrad (turning point) Occurred August 1942 – January 1943 Occurred August 1942 – January 1943 Hitler focuses attention there. Why? Hitler focuses attention there. Why? Center of industry Center of industry huge oil reserves huge oil reserves Would destroy Soviet morale Would destroy Soviet morale named after leader named after leader Luftwaffe bombed entire city Luftwaffe bombed entire city German army gained control of German army gained control of 90% of city before winter 90% of city before winter Door to door combat Door to door combat Russia sends tanks to surround city Russia sends tanks to surround city Cuts off supplies to Germans Cuts off supplies to Germans Russia destroys its own city Russia destroys its own city Including own civilians Including own civilians Germany eventually surrender Germany eventually surrender 1st major victory for Allies 1st major victory for Allies From that point on, Germany From that point on, Germany lost territory to Russia. lost territory to Russia. 1.2 million Russians died 1.2 million Russians died 850,000 Germans died 850,000 Germans died Deadliest battle of WWII Deadliest battle of WWII

6. U.S. and Britain coordinate invasion Took cautious approach Took cautious approach Wanted to ensure success early Wanted to ensure success early Picked weakest areas to invade 1 st Picked weakest areas to invade 1 st Ticked off Russia Ticked off Russia Wanted help immediately Wanted help immediately U.S. army in Europe/Africa (Atlantic) U.S. army in Europe/Africa (Atlantic) led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower Later became President Later became President

7. 1st step = North Africa (Nov. 1942 – May 1943) Named Operation Torch Named Operation Torch Around 100,000 Allied troops Around 100,000 Allied troops German and Italian forces about half that size German and Italian forces about half that size Led by General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) Led by General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) Major tank battles eventually won by Allies Major tank battles eventually won by Allies

8. 2nd step = Italy (June 1943 – Mar. 1945) Allies capture island of Sicily 1 st – then go to Southern Italy Allies capture island of Sicily 1 st – then go to Southern Italy Most Italian citizens want out of the war Most Italian citizens want out of the war King of Italy signs armistice with Allies King of Italy signs armistice with Allies Some Italian troops join Allies Some Italian troops join Allies Some Italians simply stop fighting Some Italians simply stop fighting King strips Mussolini of power King strips Mussolini of power Put in prison for awhile Put in prison for awhile Eventually rescued by Nazis Eventually rescued by Nazis Helps Nazis continue to fight against Allies Helps Nazis continue to fight against Allies in Central and Northern Italy until end of in Central and Northern Italy until end of the war with those still loyal to him. the war with those still loyal to him. Gets killed fleeing the country by own people Gets killed fleeing the country by own people At very end of the war At very end of the war Roughly 500,000 Italians die in WWII Roughly 500,000 Italians die in WWII Mussolini getting rescued Mussolini hung upside down After being shot by firing squad

9. Minority Groups in Combat during African and Italian Campaigns African Americans African Americans Tuskegee Airmen Tuskegee Airmen Helped liberate Italy Helped liberate Italy Buffaloes (92nd Infantry Division) Buffaloes (92nd Infantry Division) Numerous awards for Bravery Numerous awards for Bravery Mexican Americans Mexican Americans Company E Company E Japanese Americans Japanese Americans Purple Heart Battalion Purple Heart Battalion Most decorated unit in U.S. history Most decorated unit in U.S. history

10. 3rd Step = Paris invasion called Operation Overlord invasion called Operation Overlord Made phony plans for it to happen at Calais (map on next slide) Made phony plans for it to happen at Calais (map on next slide) Fake radio messages, bases, wooden tanks, etc… Fake radio messages, bases, wooden tanks, etc… invasion occurs in Normandy region of France (map) invasion occurs in Normandy region of France (map) June 6th, 1944 (D – Day) *** June 6th, 1944 (D – Day) *** 3 million troops 3 million troops Some parachute in, most come in by sea Some parachute in, most come in by sea Largest operation of its kind ever Largest operation of its kind ever Major losses for Allies (they knew this would occur) Major losses for Allies (they knew this would occur) Around 57,000 dead (12,000 French civilians) Around 57,000 dead (12,000 French civilians) Around 170,000 wounded Around 170,000 wounded Estimates for 1st 2.5 months of battle Estimates for 1st 2.5 months of battle Losses for Germany less than half of the Allies Losses for Germany less than half of the Allies Within a week, a part of France was secure Within a week, a part of France was secure Could get troops and supplies in easy Could get troops and supplies in easy

13. General Omar Bradley General Omar Bradley Orders air and land bombing concentrated in one area of German defense. Orders air and land bombing concentrated in one area of German defense. General George Patton General George Patton Leads tanks through the gap and liberates Paris after 4 years of German occupation (August 25th, 1944) Leads tanks through the gap and liberates Paris after 4 years of German occupation (August 25th, 1944)

14. 4th Step = the rest of France, Belgium, and Luxembourg all liberated and free of German forces by the end of Sept. 1944 all liberated and free of German forces by the end of Sept. 1944 Belgium residents returning home

15. 1944 Election FDR elected to 4 th term (Truman is VP) FDR elected to 4 th term (Truman is VP) Kinda close popular vote, not in electoral college Kinda close popular vote, not in electoral college

16. 5th Step = Invade Germany (began Oct. 1944) Slow go at 1 st (Siegfried Line = trenches at border) Slow go at 1 st (Siegfried Line = trenches at border) Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge Hitler’s last gasp offensive Hitler’s last gasp offensive German tanks split Allied forces in 2 German tanks split Allied forces in 2 Temporarily gained some territory back Temporarily gained some territory back Executed Allied POW’s Executed Allied POW’s

17. Allied Forces eventually regain control (takes a month) Allied Forces eventually regain control (takes a month) German losses (troops and supplies) were very high German losses (troops and supplies) were very high 120,000 troops, 600 tanks, 1,600 planes 120,000 troops, 600 tanks, 1,600 planes Couldn’t be replaced. Couldn’t be replaced. Largest U.S. loss of life in WWII (19,000) Largest U.S. loss of life in WWII (19,000) Germany retreated until end of the war. Germany retreated until end of the war.

18. The Eastern Front While the U.S. and Britain launch Normandy invasion…. While the U.S. and Britain launch Normandy invasion…. Germany losing ground to Russia Germany losing ground to Russia Russia liberates 1st death camp in Poland (July 1944) Russia liberates 1st death camp in Poland (July 1944) Eventually liberates all of Poland Eventually liberates all of Poland Russia enters Berlin 1st (late April 1945) Russia enters Berlin 1st (late April 1945)

19. Hitler’s Death He knows all is lost He knows all is lost Marries longtime girlfriend (Eva Braun) Marries longtime girlfriend (Eva Braun) They commit suicide and have bodies burned They commit suicide and have bodies burned

20. Germany Surrenders May 8 th, 1945 (V-E Day… roughly a week after Hitler’s death) May 8 th, 1945 (V-E Day… roughly a week after Hitler’s death) FDR died (stroke) about a month before this happened FDR died (stroke) about a month before this happened Truman had become President Truman had become President