1. The Great War Unit 7, SSWH 16 a p. 816-838

2. Militarism Militarism—policy of glorifying military power, preparing army Protect overseas colonies and interest Social Darwinism—only the strong survive Results in an arms race (UBOAT)

3. Alliances Germany believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War Otto von Bismarck seeks to isolate France with a series of treaties/alliances: -forms Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy—in 1882 Response is Triple Entente—Britain, Russia, France

4. Alliances Threaten Peace Kaiser Wilhelm II: German ruler in 1888 Foreign policy changes in 1890 with dismissal of Bismarck, German Foreign Minister. -alliance with Russia dropped; Russia then allies with France -effort to strengthen German navy, which alarms Britain Britain, France, Russia form Triple Entente alliance in 1907

5. Imperialism Domination of a country/territory by a stronger country Created by the need for raw materials (coal & iron) in industrialized countries Colonies became a source of competition among nations Morocco Russo-Japanese War

6. The Rise of Nationalism (1) Nationalism leads many groups to demand independence

7. Balkan – Powder Keg A Restless Region Many Slavic people in Balkans want independence New nation of Serbia made up largely of Slavs Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908) Serbia outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of Bosnia & Herzegovina

8. A Shot Rings Throughout Europe (spark that starts the war) June 1914: Serbian rebel, Gavrilo Princip, killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austro-Hungarian heir Austria declares war on Serbia; Russia (a Slavic country) comes to aid of Serbia

9. Europe Plunges into War Unit 6, SSWH 16 b

10. The Great War Begins – Aug. 1914 Russia mobilizes troops to its borders with Austria & Germany Germany declares war on Russia, & quickly attacks France •Great Britain declares war on Germany

11. Nations Take Sides - Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire -Allies—Britain, France, Russia

12. A Bloody Stalemate Western Front—heavy battle zone in northern France Schlieffen Plan—German plan to avoid war on 2 fronts defeat France, then fight Russia Battle of Tannenberg—German army moves against Russian advance •First Battle of the Marne—Allies halt German attack in west •Schlieffen Plan fails; Germany has to fight two-front war

13. War in the Trenches trench warfare—armies fighting from trenches Battles result in many deaths, small land gains -• life in trenches is miserable (unsanitary/machine gun = deaths) Battle of Verdun (gained 4 miles, each lost 300,000) Battle of the Somme (gained 5 miles each lost 500,000)

14. New Kind of War Machine Gun Artillery Gas Transportation Communication Tanks Planes Naval Units

15. Russia Struggles Russia’s war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties, few supplies • Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force - prevents Germany from sending more troops to the Western Front

16. A Global Conflict Unit 7, SSWH 16 b & c

17. The Gallipoli Campaign February 1915 Ottoman Empire—Dardanelles strait supply line to Russia Costly Allied defeat

18. America Joins the Fight Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Luisitania •Zimmerman Note: Germany asks Mexico to attack U.S. U.S. declares war against Germany in April 1917

19. War Affects the Home Front total war—nations devote all resources to war • •rationing—limiting purchases of war- related goods •Propaganda—one-sided information to build morale, support for war

20. Allies Win the War •Russian Revolution 1917 •Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918 2 nd Battle of Marne Armistice—Nov. 11, 1918

21. A Flawed Peace Unit 7, SSWH 16 c & d p. 836 -837

22. Allies Win the War •Russian Revolution 1917 •Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918 2 nd Battle of Marne Armistice—Nov. 11, 1918

23. Key Leaders Big Four : - Woodrow Wilson U.S.A. - Georges Clemenceau France - David Lloyd George Great Britain - Vittorio Orlando Italy

24. Wilson’s Plan for Peace Wilson’s 14 Points—outline for lasting world peace •self-determination—the right to govern own nation •League of Nations—International peace-keeping body to settle world dispute

25. The Versailles Treaty Britain& France oppose 14 Points League of Nations “War Guilt Clause” blames Germans for war, (reparations) - $33 Billion Limits the size of German Military League to rule German colonies until ready for independence

26. A Troubled Treaty •Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire gone •New countries created: – Poland – Czechoslovakia – Yugoslavia – Austria – Hungary – Turkey

27. “A Peace Built on Quicksand” •German people feel bitter & betrayed America never signs Treaty of Versailles: oppose League of Nations & involvement with Europe •former colonies angry not independent •Japan & Italy gain less land than they want