1. Did Industry Improve Society? Many factors promoted industrialization, including cheap labor, new inventions and technology, and plentiful raw materials. Railroads rapidly expanded, while government policies encouraged economic growth. What changes in lifestyle do you think occurred because of industrialization? How do you think industrialization changed American politics?

2. The Rise of Industry What economic policies allowed industries to expand after the Civil War? The Railroads How did the railroads encourage the settlement of the Plains and the West? Big Business Why did captains of industry such as Andrew Carnegie expand their businesses through new ways of organization? Unions Why did workers form unions?

3. Big Ideas Government and Society The United States government adopted a policy of laissez-faire economics, allowing business to expand.

4. The United States Industrializes Natural resources and a large labor force allowed the United States to industrialize rapidly.

5. New Inventions During the late 1800s, inventions such as the telephone and the lightbulb spurred economic development.

6. Free Enterprise Laissez-faire economics promoted industrialization, but tariffs protected American companies from competition.

7. Big Ideas Science and Technology The growth of railroads encouraged development of the Plains and Western regions.

8. Linking the Nation After the Civil War, the rapid construction of railroads accelerated the nation’s industrialization and linked the country together.

9. Robber Barons The government helped finance railroad construction by providing land grants, but this system also led to corruption.

10. Big Ideas Economics and Society Business people such as Andrew Carnegie developed new ways to expand business.

11. The Rise of Big Business Corporations could produce goods more efficiently, which allowed the rise of big business.

12. Consolidating Industry Business leaders devised new and larger forms of business organizations and new ways to promote their products.

13. Big Ideas Struggles for Rights Unions grew and labor unrest intensified as workers fought for more rights.

14. Working in the United States Low wages, long hours, and difficult working conditions caused resentment among workers and led to efforts to organize unions.

15. Struggling to Organize Workers began to form unions to fight for better wages and working conditions but had few successes.

16. New Unions Emerge The AFL fought for skilled workers; new unions tried to organize unskilled workers.

17. Causes of Industrialization Abundant natural resources Cheap immigrant labor force High tariffs reduce the import of foreign goods National transportation and communication networks

18. Causes of the Growth of Big Business Little or no government intervention Development of pools, trusts, holding companies, monopolies Small businesses could not compete with economies of scale of larger businesses Practices of some big businesses sometimes limited competition

19. Effects on the Workplace Rural migration and immigration created large, concentrated workforce Low wages, long hours, and dangerous working conditions were common in large-scale industries First large unions formed but had little bargaining power against larger companies