1. Digestive Physiology of Farm Animals Dr. Richard Coffey Introduction to Animal and Food Sciences Agent In-Service

2. I have finally cum to the konklusion that a reliable set ov bowels iz worth more to a man than enny quantity of brains. Josh Billings Josh billings was a pseudonym for Henry Wheeler Shaw (1818-1885), an American writer that was known for his intentional introduction of misspellings into sketches.

3. Introduction In simple terms, the digestive system is a portal for nutrients to gain access to the circulatory system. ► Foodstuffs are broken down to very simple molecules. ► Resulting sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, etc. are then transported across the GI tract lining into blood. The specific foodstuffs animals are able to utilize is dependent on the type of digestive system they possess.

4. Introduction Three (3) basic types of digestive systems: ► Monogastric – simple stomach. ► Ruminant (cranial fermentor) – multi-compartmented stomach. ► Hind gut (caudal fermentor)– simple stomach, but very large and complex large intestine

5. Types of Digestive Systems Cats ChickensPigs DogsTurkeys MonogastricsRuminants Hind Gut Fermentors Beef CattleDairy Cattle Deer SheepGoats Horses Rabbits Ostrich

6. Basic Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System – Monogastrics –

7. Digestive Tract - Pig Esophagus Stomach LiverPancreas Duodenum Small intestine (jejunum, ileum) Cecum Colon Rectum

8. Organs of the Digestive System – Monogastrics – Mouth ► Mechanical breakdown of foodstuffs by chewing (reduces particle size, increases surface area for action of enzymes). ► Saliva added as a lubricant and, in some species, contains amylase to begin starch digestion. Esophagus ► Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach.

9. Organs of the Digestive System – Monogastrics – Stomach ► Enzymatic digestion of proteins begins. ► Foodstuffs reduced to liquid form. Liver ► Center of metabolic activity in the body. ► Major role in digestive process is to provide bile salts to small intestine (needed for digestion and absorption of fats).

10. Organs of the Digestive System – Monogastrics – Pancreas ► Provides a potent mixture of digestive enzymes to the small intestine to help in digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Small Intestine ► 3 sections – duodenum, jejunum, ileum ► Site of final stages of chemical enzymatic digestion. ► Where almost all nutrients are absorbed.

11. Organs of the Digestive System – Monogastrics – Large Intestine ► 3 sections – cecum, colon, rectum ► Site of water absorption from G.I. tract. ► Bacterial fermentation occurs (production and absorption of volatile fatty acids).  Somewhat limited in monogastrics ► Feces formed.

12. Digestive Tract - Poultry Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Liver Gall bladder Cecum Cloaca Large intestine Small intestine (jejunum, ileum) Pancreas Duodenum

13. Organs of the Digestive System – Monogastrics – Specialized Organs in Poultry Beak ► No lips, no teeth, and no chewing. Crop ► Out-pocketing of the esophagus that provides storage for consumed food. ► Foodstuffs moistened and softened (little if any digestion).

14. Organs of the Digestive System – Monogastrics – Specialized Organs in Poultry (continued) Proventriculus ► Glandular stomach where the first significant amount of digestive juices are added. Gizzard ► A muscular organ used to grind and break up food. ► May contain grit (small stones) eaten by animal.

15. Organs of the Digestive System – Monogastrics – Specialized Organs in Poultry (continued) Cloaca ► Common chamber into which the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts open.  When fecal material is excreted, the cloaca folds back at the vent allowing the rectal opening of the large intestine to push out, closing the reproductive tract opening.

16. Specialized Poultry Organs Proventriculus GizzardCrop Cloaca

17. Digestive Process - Monogastrics ProteinsFatsStarch MOUTH STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE Peptides proteases Amino acids peptidases Fatty acids bile salts lipases Maltose amylase Glucose amylase maltase = main site of absorption

18. Basic Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System – Ruminants –

19. Digestive Tract – Beef Cattle Esophagus Rumen Omasum Reticulum Abomasum Pancreas Liver Gall bladder Cecum Small intestine Large intestine Rectum

20. Organs of the Digestive System – Ruminants –  Mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, and large intestine have functions similar to monogastrics. Stomach ► Structure and function of the stomach is the major difference between monogastrics and ruminants. ► Multi-compartmented stomach – rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum.

21. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Rumen: ► Large, anaerobic fermentation vat. Rumen Capacity SpeciesNormal capacityMaximum capacity Cow (1000 lb)25-30 gallons  55-60 gallons Ewe (150 lb)3-5 gallons  5-10 gallons

22. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Rumen (continued) : ► Houses microorganisms.  Protozoa – 100,000 per gram of rumen fluid.  Bacteria/fungi – 100 million per gram of rumen fluid. ► Functions of microorganisms.  Digest roughages to make Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA’s), make microbial protein, and make vitamins K and B-complex. ► VFA’s absorbed in rumen.

23. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Rumen (continued) : ► Lined with millions of papillae (short projections on wall of rumen) needed for absorption.  “Shag carpet” appearance

24. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Taken from “Digestive Physiology of Herbivores” http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/ Rumen (continued) : ►Rumen saturated with gases and in constant motion. ►Contractions occur at a rate of 1-3 per minute.  Serve to mix contents, aid in eructation of gases, and move fluid and fermented feedstuffs into the omasum.

25. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Rumination: ► Ruminants are well known for “cud chewing”. ► Rumination involves:  Bolus of previously eaten foodstuff carried back into the mouth by reverse peristalsis.  Fluid in bolus is squeezed out with the tongue and reswallowed.  Bolus is rechewed and reswallowed. ► Rumination may occupy about 1/3 of a ruminant’s day

26. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Eructation (belching): ► Fermentation of foodstuffs in the rumen generates enormous quantities of gas.  30-50 liters per hour in adult cattle.  5-7 liters per hour in adult sheep or goats. ► Belching is how ruminants get rid of fermentation gases:  Anything that causes a hindrance to belching can be life threatening.  Bloating can result in death from asphyxiation.

27. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Reticulum: ► Contains microorganisms (like the rumen). ► Provides additional area for fermentation. ► As fermentation by microorganisms proceed and feedstuffs are digested, smaller and more dense material is pushed into the reticulum (from which it along with microbe-laden liquid is ejected into the omasum).

28. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Reticulum (continued) : ► Lining has a honeycomb structure.  Catches and holds hardware consumed by animal.  Hardware can be removed with rumen magnate.

29. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Omasum: ► A heavy, hard organ with a lining that has many folds (leaves). ► Function not well understood.  Believed to produce a grinding action on foodstuffs.  May absorb residual VFA’s and bicarbonate.

30. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Abomasum: ► The true, glandular stomach.  Secretes acids and functions very similarly to monogastric stomach. ► Unique feature is that it secretes lysozyme.  Enzyme that efficiently breaks down bacterial cell walls.  Needed to break down the large quantities of bacteria that pass from the rumen.

31. Digestive Process - Ruminants Nonprotein N (NPN) Feed proteins Fats Carbohydrates CelluloseStarches Hemicellulose Sugars Microbial protein (essential AA) Volatile fatty acids (VFA’s) VFA’s RUMEN/ RETICULUM RUP Microbial protein Peptides OMASUM ABOMASUM SMALL INTESTINE Peptides Amino acids Fats Fatty acids & glycerol Glucose RDP RUP LIVER RDP Glucose = microbial action; = main site of absorption= some absorptionRDP = rumen degraded protein; RUP = rumen undegraded protein;

32. Basic Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System – Hind Gut Fermentors –

33. Digestive Tract - Horse Esophagus Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Large colon Small colon Rectum

34. Organs of the Digestive System – Hind Gut Fermentors –  Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, and small intestine have similar functions as compared to monogastrics. Large Intestine ► Major difference between monogastrics and hind gut fermentors is the large intestine ► Large intestine is exceptionally large and complex compared to monogastrics and ruminants.

35. Organs of the Digestive System – Hind Gut Fermentors – The large intestine of hind gut fermentors is analogous to the rumen in ruminants. ► Large, anaerobic fermentation vat. ► Microbes digest structural carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose) and soluble carbohydrates that escape digestion in small intestine to VFA’s.  VFA’s absorbed from large intestine and utilized by the animal. ► Microbial protein produced in large intestine is wasted (only very limited absorption from large intestine).

36. Digestive Process – Hind Gut Fermentors ProteinsFatsStarch MOUTH STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE Peptides proteases Amino acids peptidases Fatty acids bile salts lipases Maltose amylase Glucose amylase maltase Cellulose Hemicellulose VFA’s = microbial action= main site of absorption VFA’s

37. Summary

38. There are three (3) basic types of digestive systems in farm animal species. ► Monogastric ► Ruminant (cranial fermentor) ► Hind gut (caudal fermentor) The type of digestive system influences the dietary foodstuffs the animal can effectively utilize.

39. Digestive System Comparisons FunctionMonogastricRuminants Hind Gut Fermentors Digest and extract energy from cellulose Very limited (large intestine) Yes (rumen/reticulum) Yes (large intestine) Utilize dietary sugar sources directly Yes (absorbed as glucose) No (fermented to VFA’s) Yes (absorbed as glucose) Utilize protein from feeds directly YesLimited (most converted to microbial protein) Yes Utilize fat from feeds directly YesSome (most fermented to VFA’s) Yes Utilize microbial protein NoYes (60-80% of AA from microbes) No

40. Digestive Tract Capacities Sheep/GoatsCattleSwineHorses Rumen5-10 gal55-60 gal---- Reticulum1.5 qt3-4 gal---- Omasum1 pt1-2 gal---- Abomasum1.5 qt3-4 gal---- Stomach---- 2 gal2-3 gal Small intestine2.5 gal17-18 gal2.5 gal12-15 gal Small intestine length 85-90 ft130 ft60 ft70 ft Large intestine1.5 gal10 gal3 gal30-35 gal

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42. THE END