1. HIFI performance & science Frank Helmich – Principal Investigator for HIFI

2. 2 Overview HIFI performance - time line/overview/lessons learned HIFI performance - time line/overview/lessons learned Ground - Instrument level testing, Integrated system tests and Thermal Balance/Thermal Vacuum tests Ground - Instrument level testing, Integrated system tests and Thermal Balance/Thermal Vacuum tests HIFI performance in orbit – CoP, PV and calibration HIFI performance in orbit – CoP, PV and calibration SEU treatment SEU treatment Calibration error budget Calibration error budget Science results Science results

3. 3 HIFI performance - ground At the time of the HIFI proposal some components had low TRL At the time of the HIFI proposal some components had low TRL Before the DM a toy model of the Common Optics Assembly was made, several mixer designs tried, several mixer options explored for HEB, etc Before the DM a toy model of the Common Optics Assembly was made, several mixer designs tried, several mixer options explored for HEB, etc At DM a reasonable test program could be executed – luckily no choice between HRS and WBS made At DM a reasonable test program could be executed – luckily no choice between HRS and WBS made The QM program was way too short. HIFI had to deliver the QM to industry, who were not ready to use it in their own test program -> major impact on the FM test program The QM program was way too short. HIFI had to deliver the QM to industry, who were not ready to use it in their own test program -> major impact on the FM test program FM program was very intense, but most goals were reached FM program was very intense, but most goals were reached IST was good preparation for flight – WBS comb problem found IST was good preparation for flight – WBS comb problem found TB/TV time needed absolutely necessary since the impact of the too short QM program needed to be recovered TB/TV time needed absolutely necessary since the impact of the too short QM program needed to be recovered It is worth to start large missions even if not all technology is ready It is worth to start large missions even if not all technology is ready Projects like Herschel benefit from stringent ESA-management and a strong ESA team to overcome difficulties in the development Projects like Herschel benefit from stringent ESA-management and a strong ESA team to overcome difficulties in the development

4. 4 HIFI in pictures

5. 5 HIFI performance – in-orbit CoP and PV very intense period with good results CoP and PV very intense period with good results OD81 anomaly OD81 anomaly New CoP for redundant started in January 2010 New CoP for redundant started in January 2010 New PV – completely reorganized and rushed shortly thereafter New PV – completely reorganized and rushed shortly thereafter Observing started in April 2010 Observing started in April 2010 As a result of the anomaly engineering, PV and routine calibration was intertwined for a long time As a result of the anomaly engineering, PV and routine calibration was intertwined for a long time The 10 MHz crystal (MO) for HIFI has a dedicated heater circuit – circuit is failing since June 2010 – no impact on science The 10 MHz crystal (MO) for HIFI has a dedicated heater circuit – circuit is failing since June 2010 – no impact on science The WBS comb is fading – cross correlation with HRS is ready as operational procedure The WBS comb is fading – cross correlation with HRS is ready as operational procedure SEU’s impact the LCU memory once every 13 days – some impact on science SEU’s impact the LCU memory once every 13 days – some impact on science

6. 66 SEU’s until now

7. 7 SEU treatment Procedures are now in place at MOC, HSC and at SRON covering all possibilities of SEU’s in either ICU or LCU Procedures are now in place at MOC, HSC and at SRON covering all possibilities of SEU’s in either ICU or LCU The loss in science time has been occassionaly two days/event but generally HIFI is not ON when SEU’s occur The loss in science time has been occassionaly two days/event but generally HIFI is not ON when SEU’s occur We even did a LCU power cycling, potentially dangerous for the redundant LCU, with no adverse effects We even did a LCU power cycling, potentially dangerous for the redundant LCU, with no adverse effects We expect that some science time will still be lost in the future but we have done everything to minimize the effect We expect that some science time will still be lost in the future but we have done everything to minimize the effect

8. 8 HIFI calibration Parameters: Parameters: System temperature: very consistent over FM to flight program System temperature: very consistent over FM to flight program Load coupling: established in ILT Load coupling: established in ILT Hot and cold load temperature: verified in flight Hot and cold load temperature: verified in flight Side-band ratio: established in ILT, fine-tuned in flight Side-band ratio: established in ILT, fine-tuned in flight Optical performance (beamwidth, aperture efficiency, point source coupling, etc.): basis achieved in ILT, fine-tuning in flight Optical performance (beamwidth, aperture efficiency, point source coupling, etc.): basis achieved in ILT, fine-tuning in flight Planetary models: ESA and instruments effort Planetary models: ESA and instruments effort Standing wave analysis: Done mainly on flight data Standing wave analysis: Done mainly on flight data Pointing analysis: common activity with ESA, PACS and SPIRE Pointing analysis: common activity with ESA, PACS and SPIRE

9. 9 HIFI calibration – System temperature

10. 10

11. 11 Band 2 – clear deviation at lower frequencies

12. 12 Aperture efficiency and HPBW Determination of aperture efficiency and beam widths have been measured Determination of aperture efficiency and beam widths have been measured Band 5 results under investigation Band 5 results under investigation

13. 13 Relative error budget (in percent) 1 & 2 3 & 4 5 6 & 7 SBR3-44-645-8 Hot Load Coupling <1<1<2<3 Cold Load Coupling <1<1<2<3 Hot Load Temp <1<1<1<1 Cold Load Temp <1<1<1<1 Planetary model <5<5<5<5 Beam efficiency <5<5<10<5 Pointing<1<3<4<8 Opt. Standing Waves 4433

14. 14 Error budget continued In most cases the limits given are upper limits – we are not able to determine in tests the absolute value of the parameters better than that upper limit – worst case In most cases the limits given are upper limits – we are not able to determine in tests the absolute value of the parameters better than that upper limit – worst case However, you can be considered very unlucky if you hit any of these upper limits However, you can be considered very unlucky if you hit any of these upper limits Consistency checks on spot frequencies show that HIFI spectra are the same within 10% Consistency checks on spot frequencies show that HIFI spectra are the same within 10% HIFI data goes to level 2 in the pipeline immediately HIFI data goes to level 2 in the pipeline immediately HIFI level 2 data is generally directly useable for science HIFI level 2 data is generally directly useable for science HIFI is by far the best heterodyne instrument around in: frequency coverage; sensitivity and in reliability HIFI is by far the best heterodyne instrument around in: frequency coverage; sensitivity and in reliability HIFI can be considered a major success!! HIFI can be considered a major success!!

15. 15 HIFI Science Life-cycle of gas and dust in the Universe Life-cycle of gas and dust in the Universe Emphasis on star- formation Emphasis on star- formation Physics Physics Chemistry Chemistry Our proxies are dust, molecules, atoms and ions Our proxies are dust, molecules, atoms and ions Our measurement tools are spectral lines and shapes Our measurement tools are spectral lines and shapes

16. 16 First Herschel / HIFI observation (21 june 2009) H2O 110-101 (557 GHz) line Absorption: ~ 20 % deep, ~6 km/s

17. 17 The absorption is not formed in Saturn If from Saturn, would have to be from levels higher than ~ mbar (where emission comes from) TB continuum ~ 115 K  TB (line core) ~ 90-95 K – – No such temperature exists in Saturn’s stratosphere – – Even if it did, no water can exist at 90-95 K Line width ~1/3 of what expected from rotational broadening Absorption was not seen by SWAS in 1999 – – The ring and satellite system were seen wide open in 1999 (  = -21°) – – They were almost edge-on in 2009 (  = -4°) Absorption probably occurs from material near to equatorial plane  Enceladus torus Bergin et al, 2000

18. 18 Observations from June 2010 and models: sensitivity to column density

19. 19

20. 20 Orion KL Methanol Wang et al., 2011, A&A,527, 95

21. 21 Sgr B2 N

22. 22 HNCO 1 10 -1 01 2 11 -2 02 3 12 -3 03 4 13 -4 04 5 14 -5 05 6 15 -6 06 7 16 -7 07 8 17 -8 08 9 18 -9 09 10 19 -10 010 11 110 -11 011 12 111 -12 012 NH 2

23. 23 Sgr B2 N

24. 24 p-H 2 O H2O+H2O+ H2O+H2O+ CO 10-9 H 2 O 3 21 -2 12 p-NH 3 o-NH 3 HF H2SH2S

25. 25 Red: HIFI Blue: PACS H 2 O lines: HIFI’s raison d’être Observe mix of low- and high-excitation lines to probe cold and hot environments

26. 26 Abundance H 2 O: high in outflow (10 -5 -10 -4 ) but low in outer envelope (~10 -8 ) Inner envelope (<10 -5 ) Absence of narrow H 2 18 O lines, also for higher J, limit water abundance in inner envelope Note that these deep observations down to a few mK do not reveal other lines in WBS than those expected from common molecules (except in HM hot cores) Surprise:broad and weak H 2 18 O lines

27. 27

28. 28 L1448 outflow: H 2 O vs CO: if it moves we see it! Nisini et al. in prep

29. 29 Molecule hunting Scanning the frequency range of HIFI looking for new lines -> new insights in chemistry and physical conditions Scanning the frequency range of HIFI looking for new lines -> new insights in chemistry and physical conditions IRAS16293-2422 Lower: methanol; Upper NH 2 OMC2-FIRS4

30. 30 HF in the ISM: dark gas Phillips et al. 2010, A&A, 518, 109 van der Werf et al. 2010, A&A, 518, L42 Sonnentrucker et al. 2010, A&A, 521, L12 Sgr B2 (M) Orion KL W49N W51

31. 31 NEW MOLECULES: H 2 CL +, H 2 O +, OH + Chloronium detected in absorption toward NGC6334I and Sgr B2(S). Predicted by chemical models, but column densities ~100 times higher. OH + and H 2 O + : reactive cations that play key role in the oxygen chemical network in UV irradiated regions. Lis et al. 2010, A&A, 521, L9 Ossenkopf et al. 2010, A&A, 518 Neufeld et al. 2010, A&A, 521, L10 Schilke et al. 2010, A&A, 521, L11

32. 32 O 2 in Orion shock from OTKP “HOP”– Paul Goldsmith

33. 33 Conclusion I thank all of the people who have been working on HIFI hardware and software in the last decade – these are more than 300 men and women I thank all of the people who have been working on HIFI hardware and software in the last decade – these are more than 300 men and women I thank all the scientists for making the great Key Programmes and for their eagerness to do the data reduction and analysis I thank all the scientists for making the great Key Programmes and for their eagerness to do the data reduction and analysis I thank the colleagues from ESA and SPIRE/PACS for the close collaboration on all aspects of the mission I thank the colleagues from ESA and SPIRE/PACS for the close collaboration on all aspects of the mission I thank industry for the collaboration and for providing the platform world-class instruments can use to the best I thank industry for the collaboration and for providing the platform world-class instruments can use to the best Reminder: All of us have now started to work on the next challenge: SPICA-SAFARI, which holds great promises for astrophysics, promises we have seen to come true for Herschel and its instruments Reminder: All of us have now started to work on the next challenge: SPICA-SAFARI, which holds great promises for astrophysics, promises we have seen to come true for Herschel and its instruments