3. Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Section 1: Biodiversity Section 2: Threats to Biodiversity Section 3: Conserving Biodiversity

4. What is biodiversity? 5.1 Biodiversity  Biodiversity is the variety of life in an area that is determined by the number of different species in that area. Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation  Biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem and contributes to the health of the biosphere.

5. Pair & Share Why is it important that a large number of species be maintained in the environment? Species depend on other species for food Loss of one species can affect many other species.

6.  The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that are present in a population comprises its genetic diversity.  Genetic diversity increases the chances that some species will survive during changing environmental conditions or during the outbreak of disease. Biodiversity and Conservation 5.1 Biodiversity Chapter 5

7.  The number of different species and the relative abundance of each species in a biological community is called species diversity. 5.1 Biodiversity Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5

8.  The variety of ecosystems that are present in the biosphere is called ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation  An ecosystem is made up of interacting populations and the abiotic factors that support them. 5.1 Biodiversity Chapter 5

9. Direct Economic Value - Food, clothing, energy, medicine, shelter Indirect Economic Value - Natural Cycles (N 2, O 2, H 2 O) Resources and Services that a healthy biosphere provides to people. Clean WaterProtection from floods Clean AirDecomposition of waste Fertile SoilProtection from droughts FoodClimate Regulations

10. Direct & Indirect Economic Value Direct value – is assigned to products harvested or exploited. firewood, wild game, fruits and vegetables. Indirect value - deals more heavily with the functions and services a healthy ecosystem provides. filtering water and preventing erosion.

11. Direct Economic Benefits P&S What are some species that produce direct economic benefit? Food crops (corn & beans) Farm Animals (cattle & pigs) Plants (rubber tree)

12. Criteria of Direct Economic Value P&S What criteria would you use to determine the direct economic benefit of a particular food crop? Cost of production Number of people it will feed Number of bushels or tons it will produce

13. The Importance of Biodiversity Biodiversity and Conservation  Most of the world’s food crops come from just a few species. Domestic corn plant Teosinte plant  Wild species serve as reservoirs of desirable genetic traits that might be needed to improve domestic crop species. 5.1 Biodiversity Chapter 5

14. Biodiversity and Conservation  Scientists continue to find new extracts from plants and other organisms that help in the treatment of human diseases. Madagascar periwinkle 5.1 Biodiversity Chapter 5

15. Economic Importance of Biodiversity Using several varieties of apples, discuss the economic importance of biodiversity. Point out that each variety of apple has a different purpose and provides added income for those who supply the crops. Arkansas Black – excellent for long-term storage Golden Delicious – well suited for cooking Gale and Fuji – best eaten fresh Winesap – good for making apple cider

16.  A healthy biosphere provides many services to humans and other organisms that live on Earth. Biodiversity and Conservation  Natural processes provide drinking water that is safe for human use.  Green plants provide oxygen to the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide. 5.1 Biodiversity Chapter 5

17. Use at the end of Section 5.1 Ask students to list and describe three types of biodiversity. (May use their book or notes) Allow about 5 to 8 minutes. Using the following 5 phrases, write one of the three types of biodiversity by each of the phrases. dogs in a neighborhood tropical rain forest microorganisms in a pond vegetable garden students in school

18. Answers to statements on previous page. dogs in a neighborhood = genetic tropical rain forest = ecosystem microorganisms in a pond = species vegetable garden = species students in school = genetic

19. What Did You Find Scan the titles, boldface words, figures, and captions in Section 2. List three threats you discovered to biodiversity. Share with the person beside you Share with class on the board

20. Extinction Rates  The gradual process of species becoming extinct is known as background extinction. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Biodiversity and Conservation  Mass extinction is an event in which a large percentage of all living species become extinct in a relatively short period of time. Chapter 5

21. Biodiversity and Conservation 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 5

22. Biodiversity and Conservation Factors that Threaten Biodiversity  Humans are changing conditions on Earth faster than new traits can evolve to cope with the new conditions.  The current high rate of extinction is due to the activities of a single species—Homo sapiens. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 5

23. Sequence the series of events describing how a habitat can be disrupted. Overhunting causes natural predators to disappear Owls that prey on small mammals decline Deer eat most of the young trees in a forest Squirrels and rabbits that live in an around trees Deer that are the prey for predators increase in number Birds that eat the insects decline Overhunting causes natural predators to disappear Insects that live in the bark of trees decline Hand out sheet to be filled Out

24. Biodiversity and Conservation Overexploitation  Bison  Passenger pigeons  Ocelot  Rhinoceros Rhinoceros  Overexploitation, or excessive use, of species that have economic value is a factor increasing the current rate of extinction. Ocelot 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 5

25. Biodiversity and Conservation Habitat Loss  If a habitat is destroyed or disrupted, the native species might have to relocate or they will die. Destruction of Habitat  The destruction of habitat, such as the clearing of tropical rain forests, has a direct impact on global biodiversity. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 5

26. Biodiversity and Conservation Disruption of Habitat  The declining population of one species can affect an entire ecosystem. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 5

27. Biodiversity and Conservation Fragmentation of Habitat  The separation of an ecosystem into small pieces of land is called habitat fragmentation.  The smaller the parcel of land, the fewer species it can support.  Fragmentation reduces the opportunities for individuals in one area to reproduce with individuals from another area.  Carving the large ecosystem into small parcels increases the number of edges—creating edge effects. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 5

28. Biodiversity and Conservation Pollution  Pollution and atmospheric changes threaten biodiversity and global stability.  Biological magnification is the increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 5

29. Biodiversity and Conservation Acid Precipitation  Sulfur and nitrogen compounds react with water and other substances in the air to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid.  Acid precipitation removes calcium, potassium, and other nutrients from the soil, depriving plants of these nutrients. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 5 Assessing Water Quality

30. Biodiversity and Conservation Eutrophication  Eutrophication occurs when substances rich in nitrogen and phosphorus flow into waterways, causing extensive algae growth.  The algae use up the oxygen supply during their rapid growth and after their deaths during the decaying process.  Other organisms in the water suffocate. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 5

31. Biodiversity and Conservation Introduced Species  Nonnative species that are either intentionally or unintentionally transported to a new habitat are known as introduced species.  Introduced species often reproduce in large numbers because of a lack of predators, and become invasive species in their new habitat. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 5

32. Technical Writing Have each student prepare a brochure about a species that is threatened or endangered as a result of overexploitation or habitat destruction. No species mentioned in the book can be used. The following must be included in the brochure. Photo of the species Detailed geography of the species History of the species Why it has become threatened or endangered What might be done to reverse the situtation

33. Biodivesity Alpahabet Have students work in groups of three to create an alphabet of biodiversity. For each letter of the alphabet, have the student list one organism and describe how it is used for food, shelter or clothing or its role in the environment. Also list the country or continent where it is found. Place a asterisk next to the name of any animal that is being overexploited or whose habitat is being destroyed. Example: L = Llama (pack animal) South America

34. 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Biodiversity and Conservation Natural Resources  The consumption rate of natural resources is not evenly distributed. Chapter 5

35. Pair & Share What is the main difference between conservation and preservation? (1)Conservation (2) Preservation Conservation = involves maintaining species and habitats as resources for use. Preservation = involves complete protection Conservation = nonuse Preservation = wise use

36.  Resources that are replaced by natural processes faster than they are consumed are called renewable resources. Biodiversity and Conservation  Resources that are found on Earth in limited amounts or those that are replaced by natural processes over extremely long periods of time are called nonrenewable resources. 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Chapter 5

37. P&S Front row people turn to the person behind you and tell each other the difference between: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources Tell Examples of each

38. Biodiversity and Conservation  Sustainable use means using resources at a rate in which they can be replaced or recycled while preserving the long-term environmental health of the biosphere. 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Chapter 5

39. Protecting Biodiversity Biodiversity and Conservation  Currently, about seven percent of the world’s land is set aside as some type of reserve.  The United Nations supports a system of Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage sites. 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Chapter 5

40. Biodiversity Hotspots Biodiversity and Conservation  At least 1500 species of vascular plants are endemic.  The region must have lost at least 70 percent of its original habitat.  These hot spots originally covered 15.7 percent of Earth’s surface, however, only about a tenth of that habitat remains. 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Chapter 5

41. Corridors Between Habitat Fragments Biodiversity and Conservation  Improve the survival of biodiversity by providing corridors, or passageways, between habitat fragments  Creates a larger piece of land that can sustain a wider variety of species and a wider variety of genetic variation 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Chapter 5

42. Biodiversity and Conservation  The larger the affected area, the longer it takes for the biological community to recover. Restoring Ecosystems 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Chapter 5

43. Discussion Triads Divide class into three groups. Assign one of the following topics per group: natural resources, protecting ecosystems, and restoring ecosystems. Have students read text that relates to their topic and explain the major points (at least two) of the text in their own words. Put into a statement (Few words as possible) Have students come together and share major points of their topics. Make on Statement as a group about your topic to share with everyone.

44. Biodiversity and Conservation Bioremediation  The use of living organisms, such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area is called bioremediation. 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Chapter 5

45. Biological Augmentation Biodiversity and Conservation Ladybugs help control aphid populations. Photo courtesy of Nature’s Control  Adding natural predators to a degraded ecosystem is called biological augmentation. 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Chapter 5