1. 1 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

2. 2 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. OBJECTIVES Identify the organs and other structures of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Define and spell the word parts Build and analyze medical terms using word parts Define, pronounce, and spell the disease and disorder, diagnostic, surgical, and complementary terms for the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Interpret the meanings of abbreviations Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them

3. 3 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Function of the Cardiovascular System Nourishes the body by transporting nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products

4. 4 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Interior of the Heart

5. 5 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Microcirculation

6. 6 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System heart: muscular organ the size of a closed fist, located behind the breast bone and between the lungs. The pumping action, circulates blood throughout the body upper chambers: right and left atrium lower chambers: right and left ventricle cardiac septum: separates right and left sides of heart

7. 7 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System (cont’d) tricuspid valve: located between right atrium and right ventricle bicuspid valve (mitral valve): located between the left atrium and left ventricle pericardium: outer layer of heart myocardium: middle, thick, muscular layer endocardium: inner lining of the heart

8. 8 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System (cont’d) blood vessels: tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body arteries: carry blood containing oxygen & other nutrients away from the heart to the body cells except for the pulmonary artery, which carries carbon dioxide and other waste products to the lungs arterioles: smallest arteries aorta: largest artery in the body

9. 9 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System (cont’d) veins: carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the heart except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart venules: smallest veins in the body venae cavae: largest veins in the body capillaries: connect arterioles with venules; exchange of gases takes place in capillaries

10. 10 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System (cont’d) blood plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells float cells erythrocytes: red blood cells that carry oxygen leukocytes: white blood cells that fight infection platelets (thrombocytes): for coagulation

11. 11 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Function of the Lymphatic System Removal of excessive tissue fluid, which develops from increased metabolic activity. (Lymphatics, or lymph vessels, are found throughout most of the body.)

12. 12 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Lymphatic System

13. 13 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Lymphatic System lymph: transparent, usually colorless, tissue fluid lymph nodes: small, spherical bodies made up of lymphoid tissue; act as filters in keeping substances such as bacteria from the blood

14. 14 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Lymphatic System (cont’d) spleen: located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm; largest lymphatic organ in the body thymus gland: located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs; plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system

15. 15 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms for Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems angio/o splen/o thym/o valv/o, valvul/o ven/o ventricul/o aort/o atri/o cardi/o lymph/o phleb/o plasm/o

16. 16 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms Used with Cardio- vascular and Lymphatic Systems ather/o ech/o electr/o isch/o therm/o thromb/o

17. 17 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Prefixes brady- tachy-

18. 18 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Similar Suffixes Used in Diagnostic Terms SuffixMeaningChapter -gramRecord, x-ray image 5 -graphInstrument used to record 10 -graphyProcess of recording, x- ray imaging 5

19. 19 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Suffixes -ac -apheresis -crit -graph -odynia -penia -poiesis -sclerosis

20. 20 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts Heart and Blood Vessels angiocarditis angioma angiostenosis aortic stenosis arterioscletosis atherosclerosis bradycardia cardiodynia

21. 21 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Aortic Stenosis

22. 22 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

23. 23 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) Heart and Blood Vessels cardiomegal cardiomyopathy endocarditis ischemia myocarditis pericarditis tachycardia thrombophlebitis

24. 24 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) Blood and Lymphatic Systems hematocytopenia hematoma lymphadenitis pancytopenia splenomegaly thrombosis thrombus thymoma

25. 25 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts acute coronary syndrome anemia aneurysm angina pectoris cardiac arrest coarctation of the aorta congestive heart failure (CHF) coronary occlusion

26. 26 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Aneurysm

27. 27 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Coarctation of the Aorta

28. 28 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) deep vein thrombosis (DVT) dysrhythmia embolus fibrillation hemophilia hemorrhoid Hodgkin disease hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

29. 29 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) leukemia mitral valve stenosis myocardial infarction (MI) peripheral arterial disease (PAD) rheumatic fever sickle cell anemia varicose veins

30. 30 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts angioplasty angiorrhaphy atherectomy endarterectomy pericardiocentesis phlebotomy splenopexy thymectomy

31. 31 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. (within) / (artery) / (excision)

32. 32 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts aneurysmectomy bone marrow transplant cardiac pacemaker coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) coronary stent defibrillation femoropopliteal bypass hemorrhoidectomy

33. 33 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

34. 34 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Coronary Stent A, Stent at site of plaque formation. B, Inflated balloon and expanded stent. C, Implanted stent.

35. 35 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Placement of Defibrillator Paddles

36. 36 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) implantable cardiac defibrillator laser angioplasty

37. 37 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator

38. 38 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts Heart and Blood Vessels Diagnostic imaging angiography angioscopy aortogram arteriogram venography

39. 39 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) Heart and Blood Vessels Cardiovascular diagnostic procedures echocardiogram (ECHO) electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)

40. 40 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. (electric activity) / cv / (heart) / cv / (record)

41. 41 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts Blood and Lymphatic Systems Laboratory erythrocyte count (RBC) hematocrit (HCT) leukocyte count (WBC) Diagnostic imaging lymphangiography

42. 42 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) Heart and Blood Vessels Diagnostic imaging digital subtraction angiography (DSA) Doppler ultrasound exercise stress test thallium test transesophageal echocardiogram

43. 43 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) Heart and Blood Vessels Other diagnostic terms sphygmomanometer stethoscope

44. 44 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Sphygmomanometer

45. 45 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) Blood and Lymphatic System Laboratory complete blood count (CBC) coagulation time hemoglobin (Hgb) prothrombin time (PT)

46. 46 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) Other bone marrow biopsy cardiac catheterization impedance plethysmography

47. 47 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Bone Marrow for Biopsy

48. 48 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cardiac Catheterization

49. 49 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts atrioventricular (AV) cardiac cardiogenic cardiology hematologist hematopoiesis hemolysis hemostasis

50. 50 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) hypothermia intravenous tachypnea thrombolysis

51. 51 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) Heart and Blood Vessels cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) distole heart murmur hypertension hypotension percussion systole

52. 52 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) Blood and Lymphatic Systems anticoagulant hemorrhage plasma serum

53. 53 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Abbreviations ACS AV BP CABG CAD CBC CCU CHF CPR DSA DVT ECG, EKG ECHO HCT

54. 54 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Abbreviations (cont’d) Hgb HHD IV MI PAD PT RBC SPECT TEE WBC

55. 55 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Digestive System

56. 56 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. OBJECTIVES Identify the organs and other structures of the digestive system Define and spell the word parts Build and analyze medical terms using word parts Define, pronounce, and spell the disease and disorder, diagnostic, surgical, and complementary terms for the digestive system Interpret the meanings of abbreviations Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them

57. 57 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Function of the Digestive System The digestive organs connect to form a continuous passageway from the mouth to the anus. With the help of accessory organs, the digestive tract prepares ingested food for use by body cells through physical and chemical digestion and eliminates the solid waste products from the body.

58. 58 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Organs of the Digestive System

59. 59 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Organs of the Digestive Tract mouth: opening through which food passes into the body palate (soft): posterior portion (not supported by bone) palate (hard): anterior portion (supported by bone) Uvula: soft V-shaped mass that hangs from the soft palate; directs food into the throat

60. 60 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) tongue: attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech pharynx (throat): performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth to the esophagus

61. 61 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) esophagus: 10-inch tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach stomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food container for food fundus: uppermost domed portion of the stomach body: central portion of the stomach pylorus: lower part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine antrum: portion of the pylorus that connects to the body of the stomach

62. 62 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) stomach (cont’d) pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and duodenum small intestine: 20-foot canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine duodenum: 1st 10 to 12 inches of small intestine jejunum: 2nd portion; approx. 8 feet ileum: 3rd portion; approx. 11 feet connects with large intestine

63. 63 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Helpful Information ileum is the third portion of the small intestine ilium are pelvic bones

64. 64 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) large intestine: canal approx. 5 feet and extends from the ileum to the anus cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine colon: next portion; divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid rectum: last portion; approx. 8 to 10 inches long, extends from the sigmoid colon to the anus

65. 65 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) anus: sphincter muscle that keeps an opening tight at the end of the digestive tract

66. 66 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy of the Large Intestine

67. 67 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Accessory Organs salivary glands: produce saliva, which flows into the mouth to begin the digestion process liver: produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats bile ducts: passageways that carry bile; hepatic duct is passageway for bile from liver, and the cystic duct carries bile from the gallbladder; they join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum

68. 68 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Accessory Organs (cont’d) gallbladder: small, saclike structure that stores bile pancreas: produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism

69. 69 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Structures peritoneum: serous sac lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities appendix: small pouch, which has no known function, attached to the cecum abdomen: portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis

70. 70 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms for the Digestive Tract an/o antr/o cec/o col/o, colon/o duoden/o enter/o esophag/o

71. 71 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms for the Digestive Tract (cont’d) gastr/o ile/o jejun/o or/o, stomat/o proct/o, rect/o sigmoid/o

72. 72 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms for the Accessory Organs/Combining Forms Commonly Used with Digestive System Terms abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o appendic/o cheil/o cholangi/o chol/e choledoch/o

73. 73 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms for the Accessory Organs/Combining Forms Commonly Used with Digestive System Terms diverticul/o gingiv/o gloss/o, lingu/o hepat/o herni/o palat/o pancreat/o peritone/o polyp/o pylor/o sial/o uvul/o

74. 74 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Prefix and Suffix Prefix hemi- Suffix -pepsia

75. 75 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diverticulum of the Large Intestine

76. 76 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Hernias A, Hiatal; B, inguinal; C, umbilical.

77. 77 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Polyps

78. 78 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts appendicitis cholangioma cholecystitis choledocholithiasis cholelithiasis diverticulosis gingivitis gastroenteritis hepatoma

79. 79 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 1, Normal appendix. 2, (appendix) / (inflammation). Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts

80. 80 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. (gall) / cv / (stone) / (condition) (common bile duct) / cv / (stone) / (condition)

81. 81 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts pancreatitis peritonitis polyposis proctoptosis sialolith uvulitis

82. 82 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts pancreatitis peritonitis polyposis proctoptosis sialolith uvulitis

83. 83 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) intussusception irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) obesity peptic ulcer polyp ulcerative colitis

84. 84 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Peptic Ulcer Sites

85. 85 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts abdominoplasty antrectomy appendectomy cheilorrhaphy colostomy diverticulectomy esophagogastroplasty gastrectomy

86. 86 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts gastrojejunostomy gastroplasty glossorrhaphy herniorrhaphy ileostomy laparotomy polypectomy pyloromyotomy uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

87. 87 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. PEG

88. 88 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 1, (ileum) / cv / (artificial opening) 2, (colon) / cv / (artificial opening)

89. 89 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. (stomach) / (surgical removal)

90. 90 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts abdominoperineal resection (A & P resection) anastomosis vagotomy

91. 91 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts Diagnostic imaging cholangiogram cholecystogram CT colonoscopy Endoscopy colonoscopy endoscopy esophagogastroduodenoscopy sigmoidoscopy

92. 92 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 1, Abdominal ultrasound showing cholelithiasis. 2, Oral (gall) / cv / (bladder) / cv / (x-ray image showing stones).

93. 93 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts Diagnostic imaging barium enema (BE) upper GI (gastrointestinal) Endoscopy endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

94. 94 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. ERCP

95. 95 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) Laboratory Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies test fecal occult blood test

96. 96 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts abdominal aphagia colorectal dyspepsia dysphagia gastroenterology gastromalacia glossopathy

97. 97 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) ileocecal nasogastric pancreatic peritoneal proctologist stomatogastric sublingual

98. 98 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts ascites diarrhea dysentery flatus gavage hematemesis nausea reflux vomit (emesis)

99. 99 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Abbreviations A & P resection BE EGD ERCP GERD GI H. pylori IBS N & V PEG UGI UPPP