1. D EVELOPMENT OF S PATIAL N ETWORK M ODEL C D = 100C D = 300

2. P ROXY FOR R EAL -W ORLD N ODAL L AYOUT

3. E XPONENTIAL S YNTHETIC N ETWORKS C D = 100C D = 200C D = 300

4. T OPOLOGICAL H AZARD T OLERANCE Assessed by subjecting the networks to: Random hazardDegree attack strategy

5. S PATIAL H AZARD T OLERANCE Assessed by using a ‘central attack’ spatial hazard Remove nodes in order of their distance from the centre of the network

6. S PATIAL H AZARD T OLERANCE

8. C ONCLUSION To date little work has been done on spatially distributed networks Space has a small but important effect on the degree distribution of a network and can have a significant effect on the hazard tolerance We have developed a network model which is capable of capturing the growth of infrastructure systems in terms of both their network architecture and geographical distribution This can be used to form an assessment of their hazard tolerance to spatial hazards

9. T HANK Y OU.