1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. AP Environmental Science Mr. Grant Lesson 23 Earth’s Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Matter, Chemistry, And The Environment & Energy: An Introduction

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading and Objectives: Read: Withgott & Laposata, Chapter 2... Matter, Chemistry, Energy and the Environment (pgs. 22 - 33) Define the terms law of conservation of matter, autotroph and heterotroph. Objectives: 1.Explain the fundamentals of environmental chemistry and apply them to real-world situations. 2.Differentiate among the types of energy and explain the basics of energy flow. 3.Distinguish photosynthesis, respiration, and chemosynthesis, and summarize their importance to living things.

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mastery Check Describe the two major forms of energy and give examples of each. Potential energy, or energy of position, is a form of energy storage. This energy may be released as kinetic energy, or energy of motion, when the object falls and is accelerated by the force of gravity. When water evaporates and rises into a cloud, it gains considerable potential energy. When that water falls to the ground and runs downstream in a river, its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.

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5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Law of the Conservation of Matter: The principle that matter many be transformed for one type of substance into another s, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Autotroph: An organism that produces its own food from inorganic compounds and a source of energy. There are photoautotrophs (photosynthetic plants) and chemical autotrophs. Heterotroph: An organism that feeds on other organisms and cannot make its own food from inorganic chemicals or a source of energy. Define the terms law of conservation of matter, autotroph and heterotroph.

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Explain the fundamentals of environmental chemistry and apply them to real-world situations. 1.Matter is conserved. 2.Atoms and elements are the chemical building blocks. 3.Isotopes 4.Ions 5.Atoms bond to form molecules and compounds. 6.Water’s chemistry facilitates life. 7.Hydrogen ions determine acidity. 8.Matter is composed of organic and inorganic compounds.

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Understanding matter and chemistry is important for developing solutions to environmental problems. Chemistry is crucial for understanding: -How gases contribute to global climate change -How pollutants cause acid rain -Pesticide effects on health of wildlife and people -Water pollution -Wastewater treatment -Atmospheric ozone depletion -Energy issues © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Describe what the consequences to the environment would be if water did not become less dense upon freezing.

9. Water’s chemistry facilitates life  Hydrogen bond  oxygen from one water molecule attracts hydrogen atoms of another  Water’s strong cohesion allows transport of nutrients and waste © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Water’s chemistry facilitates life © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Water absorbs heat with only small changes in its temperature  Stabilizes water, organisms, and climate

11. Water’s chemistry facilitates life © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Water dissolves other molecules that are vital for life

12. Water’s chemistry facilitates life  Less dense ice floats on liquid water  This insulates lakes and ponds in winter © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Differentiate among the types of energy and explain the basics of energy flow. 1.Energy comes in different forms.  Potential energy = energy of position  Kinetic energy = energy of motion 2.Energy is always conserved, but it changes in quality. 3.Some energy sources are easier to harness than others. 4.Light energy from the sun powers most living systems.

14. Light energy from the sun powers most living systems  The sun releases radiation from the electromagnetic spectrum  Solar energy drives weather and climate and powers plant growth  Other than the sun, sources of energy include:  The moon’s gravitational pull  Tides  Geothermal heat powered by radioactivity  Drives plate tectonics © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Distinguish photosynthesis, respiration, and chemosynthesis, and summarize their importance to living things. 1.Photosynthesis produces food for plants and animals. 2.Cellular respiration releases chemical energy. 3.Chemosynthesis closely resembles the photosynthesis reaction.

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6CO 2  6H 2 O  the sun’s energy C 6 H 12 O 6 (sugar)  6O 2 Photosynthesis produces food for plants and animals Autotrophs (primary producers) = organisms that produce their own food (e.g., green plants, algae, cyanobacteria) Photosynthesis = the process of turning the sun’s diffuse light energy into concentrated chemical energy

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cellular respiration releases chemical energy Cellular respiration occurs in all living things Organisms use chemical energy stored from photosynthesis Heterotrophs = organisms that gain energy by feeding on others C 6 H 12 O 6 (sugar)  6O 2 6CO 2  6H 2 O  energy

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemosynthesis releases chemical energy Hydrothermal vents = host communities that thrive in high temperature and pressure Lack of sun prevents photosynthesis Geothermal energy can power biological communities 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 3H 2 S C 6 H 12 O 6 (sugar) + 3H 2 SO 4 Chemosynthesis = uses energy in hydrogen sulfide to produce sugar