1. Morphology Morphology deals with form and structure Mathematical morphology is a tool for extracting image components useful in: –representation and description of region shape (e.g. boundaries) –pre- or post-processing (filtering, thinning, etc.) Based on set theory

2. Morphology Sets represent objects in images Sets in binary images  (x,y) Sets in gray scale images  (x,y,g) Some morphological operations: Dilation & Erosion Opening & Closing Hit-or-Miss Transform Basic Algorithms

3. Basic Concepts of Set Theory A is a set in, a=(a 1,a 2 ) an element of A, a  A If not, then a  A  : null (empty) set Typical set specification: C={w|w=-d, for d  D} A subset of B: A  B Union of A and B: C=A  B Intersection of A and B: D=A  B Disjoint sets: A  B=  Complement of A: Difference of A and B: A-B={w|w  A, w  B}= Reflection of B: Translation of A by z=(z 1,z 2 ):

4. Morphological Image Processing

8. Dilation & Erosion Basic definitions: –A,B: sets in Z 2 with components a=(a 1,a 2 ) and b=(b 1,b 2 ) –Translation of A by x=(x 1,x 2 ), denoted by (A) x is defined as: (A) x = {c| c=a+x, for a ∈ A}

9. Dilation & Erosion More definitions: Reflection of B: = {x|x=-b, for b ∈ B} Complement of A: A c = {x|x  A} Difference of A & B: A-B = {x|x ∈ A, x  B} = A ∩ B c

10. Dilation & Erosion Dilation: –  : empty set; A,B: sets in Z 2 –Dilation of A by B:

11. Dilation & Erosion Dilation: –Obtaining the reflection of B about its origin and then shifting this reflection by x –The dilation of A by B then is the set of all x displacements such that and A overlap by at least one nonzero element…

12. Dilation & Erosion Dilation: B is the structuring element in dilation.

13. Morphological Image Processing

15. Dilation & Erosion Erosion: i.e. the erosion of A by B is the set of all points x such that B, translated by x, is contained in A. In general:

16. Morphological Image Processing

18. Opening & Closing In essence, dilation expands an image and erosion shrinks it. Opening: –generally smoothes the contour of an image, breaks isthmuses, eliminates protrusions. Closing: –smoothes sections of contours, but it generally fuses breaks, holes, gaps, etc.

19. Opening & Closing Opening of A by structuring element B: Closing:

20. Morphological Image Processing