1. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition THE CLASSICAL ERA UNIT 3

2. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition PRELUDE 4: CLASSICISM IN THE ARTS THE CULTURE OF THE CLASSICAL ERA

3. PRELUDE 4: CLASSIC ERA (1750-1825) Order, balance, objectivity, reason Enlightenment – (Age of Reason) freedom, liberty, equality, natural rights – Locke (English), Voltaire& Rousseau (French) Kant (German), Jefferson (American) American Revolution & French Revolution - “liberty, equality, fraternity” European royal courts & church – diminishing power, improved status for the middle class. Industrial Revolution (steam engine) Advances in science (vaccines) French Enclyclopedia & Encyclopedia Brittanica; Webster’s Dictionary Art/Architecture inspired ancient Greece and Rome The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Rotunda of the University of Virginia

4. PRELUDE 4: CLASSICISM IN THE ARTS MUSIC IN THE CLASSICAL ERA Vienna – “artistic capital of Europe” – Viennese School careers of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert Music was considered a part of daily life Patronage by aristocratic class or the church continued, (late) beginnings of free-lance careers Women – more opportunities as ‘professional’ performersor teachers, some ‘stars’ of the stage (opera, oratorio) Music performance begins to shift from the palace to the public concert hall The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

5. PRELUDE 4: ELEMENTS OF MUSICAL STYLE PAGE 146

6. CLASSICAL FORMS Oratorios – continuation from the Baroque period Opera – continuation from the Baroque period; stories are about regular people Concerto and sonata – continuation from the Baroque period Symphony – develops from the overtures for opera Chamber Music/String Quartet – develops as people have access to instruments in their home The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

7. PRELUDE 4: ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL STYLE THE BAROQUE ORCHESTRA STRINGS WOODWINDSBRASSPERCUSSION Violin 1 2 Flutes2 TrumpetsTimpani Violin 2 2 Oboes2 French Horns Viola 2 Clarinets Cello 2 Bassoons Double Bass Beethoven added other instruments - piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones Piano invented – became the favored keyboard instrument of Classical composers. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

8. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSICAL FORMS CHAPTER 21

9. 21. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSICAL FORMS EXPANDING MUSICAL IDEAS Absolute music – music without a story, text, literary or dramatic reference (as opposed to Program music) Contrast – melodies and harmony, dynamics, tempo style – ‘staccato’, ‘legato’, ‘marcato’ (heavily accented) Themes – a melody used as a building block for a composition Thematic Development – repeating the melody, imitation, breaking melody into fragments, using it in different sections or movements Motives, Sequence, and “Ostinato” – repeating a musical idea at same pitch The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

10. 21. THE MULTI-MOVEMENT CYCLE THE FIRST MOVEMENT (I) Sonata-allegro form /sonata form The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Theme I Closing Theme IITheme IClosingBridge Bridge or Transition Theme II Coda Exposition (repeated) Development Recapitulation ABA’ Tonic Key Modulation Contrasting KeyChanging harmonies or modulations Tonic Key Themes/sections often end with a crescendo, climax and repeated cadences. Theme II – the contrasting theme – style (staccato to legato), new harmony, instruments Modulation – a gradual change (constant shifting) of harmonies moving to a new key Development – may use sequence, imitation, or fragments of themes Recapitulation – same as the beginning EXCEPT the Themes are in the Tonic Key.

11. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition ||: a :||: b :||: a' :||: b' :||: a'' :||: b'' :||: a''' :||: b''' :|| Coda ThemeVariation IVariation IIVariation III Melodic, Harmonic (key), or Rhythmic variation Meter, texture, dynamics, and timbre changes also possible The Theme and Final variation are in Tonic Key, others sections in Tonic or Contrasting/Related Keys May end with a Coda 21. The Development of Classical Forms The Second Movement (II) Theme and Variations A A1 A2 A3

12. 21. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSICAL FORMS THE THIRD MOVEMENT (III) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Minuet & Trio A BA ||: a :||: b :||: c :||: d :|| a | b | MinuetTrioMinuet Dance IDance II (3 instruments) Dance I (no repeats) Sections in Binary ||: a :||: b :|| or Rounded Binary ||: a :||: b -a :|| Minuet sections in Tonic Key, Trio in contrasting or related harmony

13. 21. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSICAL FORMS THE FOURTH MOVEMENT (IV) RONDO Form: A-B-A-B-A, or A-B-A-C-A, or A-B-A-C-A-B-A A sections are in Tonic Key Other sections have contrasting melodies, in a contrasting or related key, different instruments, and performance styles The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

14. 21. THE MULTI-MOVEMENT CYCLE SYMPHONY & STRING QUARTET TempoKeyForm I Fast - allegro TonicSonata-allegro II Slow - andante, adagio Contrast or Related Theme & Variations or: ternary, sonata III Moderate (dance) allegretto (19 th cent – Fast) (allegro) Tonic Minuet & Trio (19th century) (Scherzo & Trio) IVFast - allegroTonic Rondo or: sonata-allegro

15. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition COMPOSERS OF THE CLASSICAL ERA HAYDN – MOZART - BEETHOVEN

16. COMPOSERS OF THE CLASSICAL ERA Introduction to Classical Composers The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

17. COMPOSERS OF THE CLASSICAL ERA FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN 1732 – 1809, Austrian Kappellmeister to the Esterhazy family of Austria “Papa Haydn” One of the most prolific composers in music history 17 operas3 oratorios 15 masses50 keyboard sonatas 77 string quartets108 symphonies Large amounts of chamber music Composed in every major form of the classical period The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

18. COMPOSERS OF THE CLASSICAL ERA WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART 1756 – 1791, Austrian Musical family, child prodigy (violin & piano) concert tours at age 6 composed symphony & opera at age 12 knighted by the Pope First free-lance musician in music history Compositions include more than 800 works in his 35 years of life - 16 operas41 symphonies6 masses 3 oratorios sonatas, concertosstring quartets Composed in every major form of the classical era The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

19. COMPOSERS OF THE CLASSICAL ERA LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN 1770 – 1827, German Three distinct phases in compositions Eccentric personality and dysfunctional family throughout lifetime Complete works include - 9 symphonies 1 opera 2 masses 5 piano concertos 1 violin concerto 16 string quartets Various chamber pieces including piano sonatas Composed in every major form of the Classical era The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

20. CLASSICAL CHAMBER MUSIC CHAPTER 22

21. 22. CLASSICAL CHAMBER MUSIC CHAMBER MUSIC Golden Age of Chamber Music (‘social music’) Music for a few performers or small group Suitable for performance in a home’s parlor, salon, living room String quartets – the most important genre of chamber music (instruments – two violins, one viola, and one cello Uses the four-movement cycle Other chamber music - trios, quartets, serenades, divertimentos The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

22. 22. CLASSICAL CHAMBER MUSIC HAYDN’S EMPEROR’S QUARTET Based on a hymn written for the Austrian emperor, known as the Emporer’s Hymn. Written as a patriotic response to the invasion of Austria by Napoleon's armies. Became their National Anthem until the 2 nd World War, when Germany began using the melody as their anthem. Austria promptly chose a new national anthem. Haydn - Emperor Quartet, movement 2 The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

25. MOZART: EINE KLEINE NACHTMUSIK “A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition “Serenade” – music for an evening or social function Written for strings (string quartet with an added double bass – no brass, woodwind, percussion) Written for outdoor performance Four movements (the multi-movement cycle) Movement I – begins with a “Rocket Theme – (a quick ascending melody - device created by the Mannheim School) Movement 1 Movement 3

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29. THE CLASSICAL SYMPHONY CHAPTER 23

30. 23. THE CLASSICAL SYMPHONY HAYDN AND THE SYMPHONY Haydn Symphony No. 100 in G major (Military) one of the ‘London’ symphonies Large orchestra including added percussion for ‘military’ effect (triangle, cymbals, drums)influence - Turkish Janissary Bands Second movement - (not the typical slow movement) marked “Allegretto” (moderately fast); ternary form (ABA) with a coda Haydn Symphony The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

32. 23. THE CLASSICAL SYMPHONY BEETHOVEN MUSIC “Transitional composer” – from Classic to Romantic. First period: classical style Second period: called “Heroic” period Powerful dynamic contrasts, rhythmic energy, Larger orchestras with triumphant brass parts. Extended dramatic developments & codas Third period : (following the custody battle for nephew) Personal, continued innovation & romantic elements “Beethoven wrote music to express personal emotions, and noble ideals, not simply as entertainment” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

33. 23. THE CLASSICAL SYMPHONY BEETHOVEN’S MUSIC The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Chamber music – especially “String quartets” 32 “Piano Sonatas” – the pianist’s New Testament 9 Symphonies - 3 rd – Eroica (originally Bonaparte) 5 th – written shortly after Heilgenstadt 9 th – First to use a chorus, Schiller’s Ode to Joy “all men will be brothers” Fidelio (opera) – a political prisoner’s struggle for freedom, performed at “Congress of Vienna” Missa Solemnis – sacred Mass

34. BEETHOVEN: SYMPHONY NO. 5 IN C MINOR (LISTENING GUIDE) Based on rhythmic motive – 3 short, and 1 long varied and used in all 4 movements Beethoven called this motive “Fate knocking at the door” Beethoven Symphony No. 5 I: Allegro con brio (fast, with fire) sonata-allegro form “Three shorts and a long” motive begins the movement Theme I based on the Motive Motive expanded to 6 notes (adds 2 long notes) Theme II (related harmony) (lyrical, legato) (more woodwinds) Development uses repetition, sequence, fragmentation Recapitulation – a short Oboe solo inserted after Theme I Extended Coda The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

37. BEETHOVEN: SYMPHONY NO. 5 IN C MINOR (LISTENING GUIDE) II: Andante con moto (a walking pace, with motion) Written in E-flat major (a related key) Theme and Variations with 2 themes 1 st theme is a legato melody (strings & woodwinds) 2 nd theme is a majestic theme based the 4-note motive (brass) Variations change the melodic rhythm, style, and harmonies The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

40. BEETHOVEN: SYMPHONY NO. 5 IN C MINOR (LISTENING GUIDE) III: Scherzo, Allegro (fast) Scherzo and trio form The first theme is a “rocket theme” - legato The 4-note motive - “marcato” in French Horn Contrasting Trio uses imitation (“fugato” – short fugue) Third and fourth movements linked The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

42. BEETHOVEN: SYMPHONY NO. 5 IN C MINOR (LISTENING GUIDE) IV: Allegro, Sonata-allegro form It is in C Major (not in the Tonic Key) Transition from III leads into IV without break Triumphant Theme I (opening in Brass) Theme 2 – uses the 4-note motive Development section very powerful Development ends with a soft section from III Extended Coda The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

44. THE CLASSICAL CONCERTO CHAPTER 24

45. 24. THE CLASSICAL CONCERTO Classical concertos are Solo Concertos Movements are typical 3 movement structure - uses characteristics of the I, II, and IV movements from the multi-movement cycle ‘Concerto Form’ is a type of ‘Sonata-Allegro” form with a ‘double exposition’: orchestra plays the first exposition, second exposition by the soloist. Includes new third theme for the soloist. Recapitulation includes a “cadenza” for the soloist without accompaniment. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

46. 24. THE MULTI-MOVEMENT CYCLE CONCERTO, SONATA The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition TempoKeyForm I Fast - allegro TonicSonata-allegro II Slow - andante, adagio Contrast or Related Theme & Variations or: ternary, sonata IIIFast – allegroTonic Rondo or: sonata-allegro

47. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

48. Bernstein plays Mozart

49. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition THE SONATA IN THE CLASSICAL ERA CHAPTER 25

50. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 25. The Sonata in the Classical Era Sonata – work for solo instrument or solo instrument with keyboard accompaniment May be in 3 or 4 movement structure Beethoven’s Piano Sonata in C-Sharp minor, I 1 st movement Adagio (quite slow) Modified song form with development section Called “Moonlight Sonata” delicate, singing melody Written for Countess Guicciardi (one of his lovers)

51. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

52. Moonlight Sonata

53. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition CLASSICAL CHORAL MUSIC AND OPERA CHAPTER 26

54. 26. CLASSICAL CHORAL MUSIC AND OPERA Classical era choral music – Mass, Requiem Mass, and Oratorio New opera style – “Opera buffa” (comic opera) Emphasis on drama Vocal ensembles (duos, trios, quartets, choruses) Orchestra - expanded role Story lines – common characters, plots, humor, satire (especially of the aristocratic class) Native language The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

55. 26. CLASSICAL CHORAL MUSIC AND OPERA MOZART’S OPERA DON GIOVANNI Opera Buffa with elements of opera seria. Based on the tale of Don Juan - legendary lover (disguised)kills Commendatore, father of Donna Anna (a lover) Characters in your excerpt – Giovanni, Leporello (Giovanni’s servant), Donna Elvira (woman abandoned by Giovanni) Excerpt contains aria, recitative, catalog aria End - Giovanni condemned to hell and killed by the ghost of Commendatore Refer – pg. 191-197 The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

59. Queen of the Night Don Giovanni Scene