1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Chapter 8 Proposals Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Midterm Proposal Project This is a paired assignment with your Final. ◦ The Midterm is the Proposal Project ◦ The Final Project will produce an actual technical document that should be the solution proposed in the Midterm Proposal Project The Midterm & Final Projects are TEAM projects Copyright 2011 © by Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Midterm Proposal Project cont. Goal: To identify a major project. Define the project Locate different sources of support, Create all the necessary materials to persuade the audience of the project of its efficacy and usefulness. Copyright 2011 © by Pearson Education, Inc.

5. Your deliverables… 1.Letter of Introduction, Title Page, Table of Contents 2.Background, Methodology, Qualifications, Benefits I will be sending a second PPT this week. It will explore the six generic slots of the proposal genre (listed above). For now, decide which of the team’s project ideas you would most like to use as your team’s midterm assignment.

6. Instructor’s Caution: Proposals are not Reports Proposals argue “ here is how we would go about answering your question. ” Reports (e.g. recommendation reports) argue “ this is our answer to the overriding question ” The lesson: proposals explain how to answer a question…they don ’ t give the answer. A report gives the answer.

7. Choose something appropriate Option 1: Proposing a new review process ISUComm center technical reports series. Not “ here ’ s what the process should look like ” but “ here ’ s how we should go about determining the best process ” Option 3: Proposing a cleaning schedule for fraternity house public rooms, kitchen, and bathrooms. Not “ here ’ s the new cleaning schedule ” but “ here ’ s how we can create a cleaning schedule that everyone can live with ”

8. E-mailIMf2f/ phone phoneOtherTotal Red team 27010138 Purple team 5752064 Communication for Two Student Teams These teams were writing a proposal for a new technical product. Their task was to show that their design was state-of-the-art.

9. You know your idea is good when… You are proposing methods to answer a question, not reporting results that come from performing those methods. You don ’ t know the answer already. You can ’ t get to the answer by yourself; you need the cooperation of the people you are proposing the idea to.

10. Due Dates & Details The Midterm Proposal is Due Sunday, October 13 at 11:55 p.m. ◦ Note: This means that the work for the proposal must be done far enough ahead of the deadline for your team to edit & revise the document. Teams will track the number & type of communication modes used to complete this project. Copyright 2011 © by Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Due Dates & Details cont. At the end of the TEAM project, each INDIVIDUAL will submit a report on his/her participation and also assess the participation of the other TEAM members. This assessment will be done as a reflection using a space on Moodle that I will create. Deadline for Individual/Team assessment will be Tuesday, October 15 at 11:55 p.m. Copyright 2011 © by Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Chapter Outline Rhetorical Situation Genre Discussion Planning and Researching Organizing and Drafting Using Style and Design Microgenre: The Elevator Pitch Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. A RHETORICAL FOUNDATION Proposal Writing relies upon Copyright 2011 © by Pearson Education, Inc.

14. The working definition of Rhetoric Rhetoric—the purposeful use of ethical language in order to persuade. The Rhetorical Situation consists of six elements… ◦ Exigence ◦ Speaker/Writer ◦ Purpose ◦ Message/Subject ◦ Audience ◦ Context

15. What is a Rhetorical Situation? A rhetorical situation is the context in which you are interpreting a reading or composing a piece of written, verbal, or visual communication. When purposeful language can resolve the exigence, the situation is rhetorical. In order to fulfill the purpose, the writer must adapt the message to the intended audience.

16. Rhetorical Situation (also known as the rhetorical triangle) AudienceSubject/ Message Speaker/ Writer PURPOSE CONTEXT Exigence (The situation or problem)

17. Elements of the Rhetorical Situation Speaker/Writer—in a rhetorical situation is a the person who identifies the exigence Exigence—the reason or problem that impels that person to write in the first place. Subject/Message—information delivered through written, visual or verbal means

18. Elements of the Rhetorical Situation Purpose—finding resolution to the exigence (rhetorical problem) Purpose—finding resolution to the exigence (rhetorical problem) Audience—the reader or readers who have the capability of resolving the exigence or problem Audience—the reader or readers who have the capability of resolving the exigence or problem Context—the constraints (obstacles) and resources (positive influences) in the environment surrounding the rhetorical situation. Context—the constraints (obstacles) and resources (positive influences) in the environment surrounding the rhetorical situation. http://rhetorica.net/kairos.htm

19. Context is affected by… time and place speaker and audience medium of delivery circumstances under which speaker and reader communicate

20. Context is affected by… social, political, religious, and other cultural factors constraints and resources of the rhetorical situation Therefore, how and what you communicate is always influenced (either positively or negatively) by context.

21. Context helps a speaker understand his/her audience. A specialized audience is predisposed to the message. ◦ Already has a specialized interest in the subject A diverse audience represents a range of expertise and interest. ◦ Consists of listeners of differing levels of expertise and varying interest in your subject. Multiple audiences listen for different reasons

22. PROPOSAL WRITING Steps to creating winning proposal Copyright 2011 © by Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Planning and Researching Types of Proposals Internal External Solicited Unsolicited Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. Planning and Researching (cont.) Planning Answer the Five-W and How Questions Consider rhetorical situation Researching Do background research Ask subject matter experts (SMEs) Pay attention to causes and effects Find similar proposals Collect visuals Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Organizing and Drafting Write Your Proposal One Section at a Time Write the introduction Move 1: Define the subject. Move 2: State the purpose. Move 3: State the main point. Move 4: Stress the importance. Move 5: Offer background information. Move 6: Forecast the organization. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Organizing and Drafting (cont.) Describing the Current Situation Define and describe the problem Discuss the causes of the problem Discuss the effects of the problem if nothing is done Use Logical Mapping to Develop Your Argument Draft the Current Situation Section Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. Organizing and Drafting (cont.) Describe the Project Plan Identify the solution State the objectives of the plan Describe the plan’s major and minor steps Identify the deliverables or outcomes Use Logical Mapping to Turn Your Idea into a Plan Draft the Project Plan Section Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. Organizing and Drafting (cont.) Describing Qualifications Description of personnel Description of organization Previous experience Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Organizing and Drafting (cont.) Concluding with Costs and Benefits Move 1: Make an obvious transition Move 2: State the costs of the project Move 3: Summarize the benefits of the project Move 4: Briefly describe the future Move 5: Thank the readers and offer contact information Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Which introductory move is optional? A.Define the subject. B.Offer background information. C.State the purpose. D.None of the above Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Which introductory move is optional? A.Define the subject. B.Offer background information. C.State the purpose. D.None of the above Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. Using Style and Design A Balance of Plain and Persuasive Styles Use plain style where description is important Use persuasive style where readers should make decisions An Attractive, Functional Design Graphics Page Design Medium Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Which of the following sections should use persuasive style? A.Project Plan Section B.Costs and Benefits Section C.Qualifications Section D.Current Situation Section Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. Which of the following sections should use persuasive style? A.Project Plan Section B.Costs and Benefits Section C.Qualifications Section D.Current Situation Section Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Microgenre: The Elevator Pitch Elevator Pitch: A One- or Two-Minute Proposal That Pitches a New Idea, Project, or Service to Potential Investors or Clients Introduce yourself and establish credibility Grab them with a good story Present your big idea in one sentence Give them your best two or three reasons Mention something that distinguishes you Offer a brief cost-benefits analysis Make sure they remember you Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Resources http://rhetorica.net/kairos.htm http://www.writing.engr.psu.edu/workboo ks/proposal.samples.html http://www.writing.engr.psu.edu/workboo ks/proposal.samples.html http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~ebrown/pracguid.h tm http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~ebrown/pracguid.h tm http://www.kurzweiledu.com/files/proof_r esources_grant1.pdf http://www.kurzweiledu.com/files/proof_r esources_grant1.pdf http://www.learnerassociates.net/proposal / http://www.learnerassociates.net/proposal / Copyright 2011 © by Pearson Education, Inc.

37. GENRE SYSTEMS Understanding how Proposals fit into Copyright 2011 © by Pearson Education, Inc.

38. Two broad goals for this unit 1. To gain an understanding of the genres associated with the social act of “ proposing, ” especially proposing projects in organizational settings 2. To gain an understanding of how best to coordinate the various genres of proposing in order to successfully persuade others to support our projects

39. “ A Genre System View ” “ Connor ’ s (2000) study hints at this interactive nature of grant funding genres, as she claims that the genre of a grant proposal does not exist in isolation but is part of a system of interacting genres ” (pp. 22-23). Connor ’ s statement suggests that grant writers require knowledge of multiple genres spanning a variety of rhetorical contexts and discourse communities. Tardy, p.2

40. What ’ s a “ genre system? ” 3 key assumptions for Tardy: Genres are social action; typified responses to recurring situations Genres are used and work together, creating a kind of interactive system Specialized knowledge is required to use genres and to act within genre systems

41. Genre systems & proposals… For the midterm project, your TEAM will conduct an exploration of the genre system of proposal writing, choosing a site to investigate that will inform your own forays (present or future) into grant writing.

42. Modify these Questions to create your proposal project… What genres and communities interact to form the genre system of proposal writing for seeking space in…? What are the roles and functions of this genre system? What type of knowledge does participation in the text genres and genre system require of grant writers and how do these writers develop such knowledge?

43. How do you study genres as social action? Tardy used the following methods… Interviews with writers Analysis of documents – samples of the various genres used Note that these methods tend to yield a retrospective account of the social action. That is, we see and learn from the results of action or from accounts of action given by the writer.

44. What should you watch for in your future career? Evidence of… The specialized knowledge required to use genres and act in genre systems. What genres are used? In what sequence? For what purposes? In what situations? What genres are required or optional? What patterns of use lead to success? Individual movesCommunity rules