1. The Rise of Macedon

2. Philip II Father of Alexander Reorganized the military Created a stronger phalanx Made a series of wars and alliances with or against several Greek cities

3. Macedonian Army Phalanx was main unit of Macedonian army – 16 across X 16 deep – Spears were held at angles to protect against arrows Utilized cavalry – Devastating to enemy – Was one of the first nations to use (effectively)

4. Philip II’s assassination Blame has been placed on Alexander’s mother Olympia. – Philip remarried several times and had a new son which was going to be named his heir – Alexander is popular with the military and his friends declare him king. – Philip’s plans to invade Persia are realized by Alexander – Almost immediately Alexander issues orders to prepare for the invasion.

5. Alexander the Great Educated by Aristotle Invaded Persia Battle of Granicus River defeated the satraps on the Ionian coast Battle of Gaugumela defeated Darius, Persian emperor Burned Persopolis

6. Alexander’s Empire

7. Alexandria After conquering Egypt, Alexander founded city – Great center of learning and trade International community-mixed cultures – Library of Alexandria – Lighthouse (one of the ancient wonders)

8. Ancient Library of Alexandria Contained a collection of 500,000 papyrus scrolls and masterpieces of ancient literature Was the first true research library in the world Scholars produced commentaries on ancient worlds of literature.

10. Science and Technology Astronomy- Aristarchus estimated that the sun was 300 times bigger than Earth and that the sun was the center of the universe Nobody accepted this theory. Instead they thought the Earth was the center of the universe

11. Math and Physics Euclid – Opened the school for geometry in Alexandria Archimedes accurately estimated the value of pi ( ).

12. Philosophy SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT: 1. Stoicism – the belief that there was a divine power that controlled the universe – Believed everyone should live in harmony with natural law 2. Epicureanism - taught that the universe was made of atoms and ruled by gods who didn’t care about humans

13. Downfall Alexander spent seven years campaigning India – Battle of Hydaspes Was defeated by Porus and elephants Alexander’s army revolts – Alexander returns to Babylon poisoned by generals (maybe)

14. Hellenistic Culture Is the spread of Greek ideas to distant parts of the world. Blended with Persian and Indian cultures

16. Hellenistic Empires On Alexander’s death bed he was said to have willed the Empire to “the strongest” Alexander’s generals partitioned empire into four parts after forty years of war: – Ptolomy-Egypt – Seleucus- Ionia to Bactria (modern day Afganistan) – Antigonus- Macedonia – Attalus-Anatolia (after Lysimachus’ death)

17. Hellenistic Empires One kingdom had trouble overcoming others due to having the same kind of military-the Macedonian phalanx Incorporated the use of elephants into army, but were difficult and expensive Phalanx soldiers were specially trained and not easily replaced. – this would lead to severe problems later