1. Ch. 23 Circulation & Respiration

2. Section 1: The Cardiovascular System
Objectives:
List four main parts of the cardiovascular system, and describe their functions.
Describe the two types of circulation of blood in the body.
List four cardiovascular problems.

3. Cardiovascular system components:
Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

4. Heart 4 Chambers: right atria left atria right ventricle
left ventricle
valves-separate chambers
aorta – major artery
vena cava – major vein
pulmonary artery and vein

5. 3 Types of Blood Vessels:
Artery
Capillary
Vein

6. Arteries Arteries Always carry blood Away from the heart
Thick walls to support pressure from heart pumping
Usually bright red due to highly oxygenated blood
Aorta – major artery supplying body’s blood
Coronary artery – supplies heart’s blood
Carotid artery – supplies brain’s blood
Pulmonary artery – supplies lung’s blood (low O2 – darker)

7. Capillaries Smallest of all blood vessels – single file
Where the diffusion of gases and other molecules takes place (things entering and leaving your blood)
No cell in your body is more than 3 or 4 cells away from a capillary

8. Veins Always take blood towards the heart Thinner than arteries
Darker color due to less oxygenated blood
Vena Cava – major vein returning body’s blood
Jugular vein – vein returning brain’s blood
Pulmonary vein – returning lung’s blood (high O2 – bright)

9. 2 Types of Circulation (Blood Flow)
Pulmonary Circulation – heart to lungs and back
Systemic Circulation – heart to rest of body and back

10. Cardiovascular Problems
Atherosclerosis
When cholesterol builds up in the walls of blood vessels and restricts blood flow
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Stroke – when a blood vessel in the brain becomes clogged or ruptures  part of the brain receives no oxygen  brain cells die.

11. Cardiovascular Problems
Heart Attack / Heart Failure
Heart attack - when heart muscle cells die and part of the heart is damaged. Too many cells dying could cause the heart to stop. (cardiac arrest)
Heart failure – not enough blood being pumped to the body. Important organs may suffer or stop working.

12. Section 2: Blood Objectives:
Identify the four main components of blood.
Describe three functions of blood.
Explain how blood pressure is measured.
Explain what the ABO blood types are and why they are important.

13. Blood
3 Functions:
Transport  sends nutrients and oxygen throughout your body
Immunity  protects your body against antigens
Healing  clots to stop bleeding after a cut or bruise
55% Plasma – mostly water
44% RBC
1% WBC and platelets

14. Plasma Liquid Mostly water Functions: Transport
Carries hormones and wastes
Makes up 55% of the blood

15. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
Most numerous
Formed in the bone marrow
Functions:
Carries oxygen and nutrients to body and waste back
Filled with the protein hemoglobin, which contains iron (makes your blood red, like rust)

16. Platelets Small pieces of cells from bone marrow Functions: Healing
Collect around cuts and produce fibrin to make a net to stop bleeding

17. White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
Larger than RBC’s
Immunity
Functions:
Fight off invading organisms (pathogens)
Release antibodies to help identify pathogens
Destroy damaged/infected cells

19. Body Temperature Regulation
The brain signals blood vessels in your skin to enlarge  excess heat is transferred from your blood to your skin  body temperature decreases
Blood Pressure
Every time your heart beats, it pushes blood out of the heart and into your arteries.
The force exerted by blood on the inside walls of arteries is called blood pressure.

20. Blood Types
Every person has one of four blood types: A, B, AB, or O. Your blood type refers to the type of antigens you have on the surface of your RBCs.
Antigens – the markers that identify what kind of blood you have.
Antibodies – the markers that look for foreign blood types to attack.

21. Transfusion – replacing your blood with someone else’s due to blood loss during surgery or an injury.
Blood Type
Can receive
Can donate to A
A, O
A, AB B
B, O
B, AB AB
all
AB only O

22. Section 3: The Lymphatic System
Objectives:
Describe the relationship between the lymphatic system and the circulatory system.
Identify six parts of the lymphatic system, and describe their functions.

23. Lymphatic System Like another circulatory system
Group of tissues and organs that collects excess fluid and returns it to your blood
Helps fight pathogens

24. Lymph capillaries – absorb fluid and small particles (dead cells/pathogens) near cells
Lymphatic vessels carry this lymph back towards your neck where it drains into veins of the cardiovascular system

25. Other Parts of the Lymphatic System
Bone Marrow – where most red and white blood cells are produced
Lymph nodes – small bean shaped masses of tissue that remove pathogens and dead cells from the lymph
Lymphocytes are types of WBC’s that fill lymph nodes and attack pathogens
Lymph nodes get swollen when you have an infection. Why???

26. Thymus – gland that makes T cells ready to fight
Spleen – soft and spongy organ that
produces lymphocytes
recycles old/damaged RBC’s
Tonsils – tissue that stores WBC’s and fights infections

27. Section 4: The Respiratory System
Objectives:
Describe the parts of respiratory system and their functions.
Explain how breathing happens.
Discuss the relationship between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.
Identify two respiratory disorders.

28. Respiration vs. Breathing
Breathing and respiration are not the same thing. Breathing is only one part of respiration.
Respiration = breathing + cellular respiration
Breathing - inhaling and exhaling
Cellular respiration involves chemical reactions that release energy from food.

29. The Respiratory System
Consists of the group of organs that take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide:
Nose
Throat (pharynx)
Lungs
Passageways that lead to the lungs
Nose  pharynx  larynx  trachea  bronchi  bronchioles  alveoli  lungs

30. vocal cords
pharynx
(throat)
trachea
(windpipe)
larynx
lung
bronchus
bronchiole
diaphragm
alveoli

31. Gas Exchange

32. Breathing
diaphragm

33. Respiratory Disorders
Asthma-causes the bronchioles to narrow; causes difficulty breathing; an asthma attack may be set off by irritants like dust or pollen
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – caused by a virus; may cause fever and difficulty breathing
Emphysema-caused by damaged alveoli