1. M ODALS Carol Wright SSP 107 – Chapter 1

2. MODALS IN THE PRESENT – WHAT IS IT? They are helping verbs to show ABILITY, CERTAINTY, POSSIBILITY, ADVICE FORM: MODALS + BASE FORM VERB Must – Very Sure/Certain/Have to (no choice) - certainty May/Might – Only about 50% sure – possibility/certainty Can/Could – Able to do something - ability Should – Give advice/suggestions – advice

3. Modals in the Present Examples - John is not in class today. He must be sick! - The speaker is very sure that John is sick. - People must be 21 to drink alcohol. - People have to be 21 to drink alcohol (no choice) - Jane may/might come to the party tonight. - The speaker is not sure if Jane is coming tonight. - Jane can come to the party tonight because she has a car. - Jane is able to come. - Jacky should study hard. - The speaker suggests that Jacky studies hard.

4. Modals in the PAST – What is it? Helping Verbs that talk about the past – something that already happened. FORM: MODALS + Present Perfect Must (not) have been Could (not) have gone May/Might (not) have eaten Should (not) have studied

5. Must (not) + present perfect Jason must have been hungry because he ate 5 hamburgers! Meaning: The speaker is very sure that Jason was hungry. Karen must not have slept enough because she fell asleep in class. Meaning: The speaker is very sure that Karen didn’t sleep enough.

6. Could have been 1) Andy could have been tired, so he didn’t go on the trip. Meaning: The speaker thought Andy was tired, but the speaker wasn’t sure. (just guessing) 2) Andy could have gone to the party, but he decided to study instead. Meaning. Andy had a choice between party and studying. He chose to study and didn’t go to the party.

7. Could (not) + present perfect Jennifer could not have been sick because I saw her at Disneyland! Meaning: The speaker is over 99% sure that Jennifer wasn’t sick. In the speaker’s opinion, it was not possible for Jennifer to have been sick.

8. May/might (not) + present perfect Janet may/might have been to Hawaii because she seems to know so much about it. Meaning: The speaker thinks that Jane has been to Hawaii but not sure. Just guessing Joel may/might not have seen the movie. Let’s go see it with him. Meaning: The speaker doesn’t think that Joel has seen the movie. Just guessing.

9. Should (not) + present perfect Jolene should have studied harder. Meaning: The speaker thinks that Jolene didn’t study enough. Josh should not have cheated on the test. Meaning: The speaker thinks that it was a bad idea that Josh cheated on the test. I should have exercised today. Meaning: The speaker regrets not exercising.