1. Human Learning & Memory Siena Heights University Chapters 7 & 8 Dr. S.Talbot

2. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning Cognitive Process ◦Def. – how people ______, ______, ______ and ______ about their environment. ◦Edward Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism  Learning can be internal rather than external (latent).  Behavior is purposive (has a purpose).  Expectations affect behavior.  Learning results in an organized body of information.

3. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning Gestalt Psychology – we experience our world beyond the simple sensations produced. ◦Perception is often ________ than reality.

4. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning Gestalt Psychology – we experience our world beyond the simple sensations produced. ◦Perception is often different than reality. ◦The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. ◦An organism structures and organizes experience (911). ◦An organism is predisposed to organize information in certain ways.  Law of proximity  Law of similarity  Law of Pragnanz (kiss)  Law of closure ◦Problems solving involves insight.

5. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning Verbal Learning ◦Serial Learning (days of the week) v. Paired Associate Learning (a new language). ◦Serial Learning  Primacy effect  Recency effect ◦Massed practice v. Distributed practice. ◦Characteristics of the materials affects the speed at which we learn and forget.  Hermann Ebbinghaus

6. Nonsense syllables (and even pronunciation BPX v. DNK)

7. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning ◦Meaning is important. ◦We search for meaning.

8. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning People Organize what they learn. People learn ideas faster than verbatim words. People use encoding strategies (i.e. images, pneumonic, number sequences).

9. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning Cognitive Theory Differences ◦Some learning is unique to ______(v. universal to all organisms). ◦People are ______ involved in learning (v. passive). ◦Some learning does not get reflected in external behaviors.

10. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning Human Memory v. Learning ◦How is learning different than memory? ◦Memory is the ability to encode, store and retrieve information. ◦Learning is the acquisition of new information and skills.

11. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning Dual – Store Model of Memory ◦Long and short - term memories are distinctly different.  Color changing card trick. Register

12. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning Human Memory ◦Sensory Attention – Color changing cards Significance of info, emotion, incongruity, motion, intensity, novelty, social cues. Limitations to attention? ◦Short – term or working memory. ◦Digit Span: Test of attention and short-term memory; string of numbers is recalled forward or backward ◦Typically part of intelligence tests or MSE. ◦Magic Number 7 (Plus or Minus 2): STM is limited to holding seven (plus or minus two) information bits at once ◦Information Bits: Meaningful units of information ◦Information Chunks Meaning ◦Long - term  Capacity  Duration?  What we remember depends on what we find__________, what we regard as ___________ or what we find ___________ strong. ◦Debate.

13. Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning Engrams, Neurons and Brain Mapping ◦Priming ◦Constructive Processing