1. A Road Map thru the Body The vocabulary of Human Anatomy
Special terminology is used for position, direction, regions, and structures found in the human body.
Why is it important there be exact terms for position; direction; region; and structures
The vocabulary of Human Anatomy

2. Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Anatomy deals with the morphology or structure of the body and its parts
Physiology studies the function of these parts
Anatomists rely on observation while physiologists employ experimentation; they both go hand in hand the functional role of a part depends on how it is constructed. In this class we will not only study the structure thru observations but deal with the function thru experimentation.
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope

3. Cytology – the study of the structure and function of cells
Surface Anatomy – the study of general form and superficial markings
Pathological Anatomy - the study of changes that occur during a disease.
Embryology – the study of the first two months of development (after conception)
Systemic Anatomy – the study of a specific organ system and its function.

4. Levels of Structural Organization
Molecular
The Human body is the sum of its parts and these parts can be studied at a variety of levels of organization.
Atoms are the simplest level, they combine to form molecules
Macromolecules are large biologically important molecules
Macromolecules come together and form organelle that are used to carry out a specific function of the cell
Cells are the basic living unit
Tissues consists of similar types of cells, layers or masses that have common functions
Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely, this is the most complex level of organism in the human body
Human organisms are made up of many organ systems

5. Characteristics of Life:
1. Respiration 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness (Homeostasis) 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism (Assimilation) 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth 9. Absorption 10. Circulation

6. Organization of the Human Body
Body Cavities:
Cranial Cavity- Brain
Vertebral Cavity- Spinal Cord
Thoracic Cavity- Rib cage, heart, and lungs
Pleural Cavity- lungs
Pleural Membrane- lines pleural cavity
Pleural Membrane

7. Body Cavities:
Pericardial Cavity- heart
Pericardium- line the pericardial cavity
Mediastinum- heart, thymus, trachea, and esophagus

8. Body Cavities:
Abdominal Cavity- stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, and large intestine
Peritoneal Membrane- lines abdominal cavity
Pelvic Cavity- reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum

9. Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum

10. Body Cavities

11. Body Systems
-an organized group of tissue that forms a particular function

12. Body Covering - The skin you’re in!
Integumentary
Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Includes- skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (hair follicles)
Body covering includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands (hair follicles).
Function include protection of underlying tissues, sensing changes outside the body, help regulate the body’s temperature, and synthesizing various substances 12

13. Support and Movement – dem Bones!
Skeletal
Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation and stores minerals
Includes bones, cartilage, and ligaments
Skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage and ligaments. It provides support, protection and attachments for muscles. It is a framework of support. It stores inorganic salts and houses blood-forming tissues. 13

14. Support and Movement – feel the groove! Muscular Allows locomotion
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Includes smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal musle
Muscular system consists of the muscles that provide body movement, posture and body heat 14

15. Integration and Coordination
Nervous
Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
Includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
Nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs. It takes the input from the sensory receptors and sends motor impulses to muscles and glands. 15

16. Integration and Coordination
Endocrine
Secretes regulatory hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Includes all of the glands that secrete hormones. These help regulate metabolic functions. 16

17. Absorption and Excretion
Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
The digestive system made up of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines. It breaks food down into usable molecules and gets rid of waste.
What is the name of the membrane that surrounds these organs? – visceral peritoneum 17

18. Absorption and Excretion
Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood and air and is made up of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
In which two body planes are the lungs found? – the left and right Sagittal planes or the anterior transverse plane 18

19. Transport – the super Highways!
Circulatory
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Includes the heart and blood vessels. It distributes oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body while removing wastes.
In which body cavity is the heart found? Thoracic. 19

20. Transport - the super highways!
Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen. It drains excess tissue fluid and defends the body against disease causing agents. 20

21. Absorption and Excretion
Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulation of materials
Water
Electrolytes
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. It filters wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water, acid-base and electrolyte balance 21

22. Reproductive- Production of offspring
Male reproductive system consists of the testes, accessory organs and the vessels that conduct sperm to the penis it’s job is to produce and transport sperm cells.
Female reproductive system consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia. The female reproductive system job is to produce and transport egg cells and also houses the developing offspring. 22

23. The Organ System Matching Game!!
Match the organ systems that work together
Endocrine System
Digestive System
Circulatory System
Reproductive System
Skeletal System
Urinary System
Respiratory System
Muscular System
Digestive systems works pretty close with the urinary system – liquid waste has to go somewhere.
Reproductive system works pretty closely with the endocrine system – hormones regulates these systems
Skeletal and musculature systems work real close you can have movement unless they do.
Respiratory system needs the circulatory system to transport gases.
But doesn’t the digestive system need the circulatory system to transport nutrients?
And doesn’t the respiratory system need the musculature system to bring air into the lungs and push air out?
Isn’t blood made in the bones?
Don’t all systems need the gas exchange provided by the respiratory system, the nutrition provided by the digestive system, the ability to get rid of waste provided by the excretory systems, and the means to get things to and from provided by the circulatory system?
No one system can function alone, they all work together to maintain life.
All systems work together to maintain life.

24. Terms of Relative Position
Superior versus Inferior
Anterior versus Posterior
Medial versus Lateral
Proximal versus Distal
Superficial versus Deep
Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another part
Superior = toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior = away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Anterior or ventral = toward the front of the body; in front of
Posterior or dorsal = toward or at the backside of the body; behind
Medial = toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side
Lateral = away from the midline of the body; or on the outer side
Proximal = close to the origin of the body part or the pint of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal = farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of the limb to the body trunk
Superficial = toward or at the body surface
Deep = away from the body surface, more internal

25. Body Planes
Midsagittal

26. Identify the following areas on the stick figure:
Area distal to the knee.
Area proximal to the elbow.
Lateral to the thumb.
Area that is superior to the lungs.
Area that is inferior to the heart.
A structure that is anterior to the brain.
Draw a line showing a transverse plane. 6 4 2 3 5 1

27. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Have students copy the chart. Which quadrant would the liver be predominantly in? (RUQ) Stomach? (LUQ)

28. Abdominopelvic Regions
Have students diagram the regions.

29. Anterior Body Landmarks

30. Posterior Body Landmarks