1. Bellringer
structures of the respiratory system and explain the function of each.

2. I can explain the structures and functions of the respiratory system.
Learning Target
I can explain the structures and functions of the respiratory system.

3. Structure and Function
The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide.
Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration
Inspiration- the process of taking in air
Expiration- the process of blowing out air

4. The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
Ventilation:
Objectives
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

5. Structure and Function
External Respiration
External Respiration
Air from the outside environment enters the nose or mouth during inspiration (inhalation).
The Nose
Also called external nares
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed
Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies

6. Apnea:
Lack of breathing Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen in the body

7. Cyanosis:
Bluish discoloration of the skin

8. Indication of respiratory distress:
Nasal flare Tripoid Position Pursed lip breathing Use of accessory muscles

9. Nasal Flare

10. Pursed Lip Breathing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxPRng3FRD4

11. Tripoid Position

12. Assessory Muscles ***HOW TO SPOT A CHILD STRUGGLING TO BREATHE*** - YouTube

13. Structure and Function
Pharynx
Pharynx
Also known as the throat is a passageway for both air and food
Three Sections of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
-contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in the body’s immune defense
Oropharynx
-back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine tonsils which aid in the body’s immune defense

14. Structure and Function
Epiglottis
The epiglottis, a movable flap of cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx (voice box) prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing.
Occasionally, a person may swallow and inhale at the same time so some food may enter the larynx and choking occurs.
Aspiration occurs when food or fluid enters the lung instead of the stomach.

15. Structure and Function
Larynx
Larynx
Serves as a passageway to the trachea and the area where sounds are produced
Glottis
True Vocal Cords
False Vocal Cords
Posterior Portion of Tongue
Voice Box

16. Structure and Function
Trachea
larynx
Trachea
trachea
Also known as the windpipe
Connects the larynx to the right and left bronchi
bronchi

17. Structure and Function
Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
Air from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles then to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect to lung capillaries.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged and oxygen is delivered to the body cells.
alveolus
capillaries

18. Structure and Function
Lungs
Lungs
Consist of a right and left lobe
Covered by a double layer of membrane that makes movement in the thoracic cavity easier. The outer layer is the parietal pleura and the inner layer is the visceral pleura
The space between the two pleurae is called the pleural cavity
Pleurisy occurs when there is friction inside the pleural cavity. Very painful

19. Structure and Function
Inhale/Exhale
The passage of air from the external environment to the lung capillaries, bloodstream and out consists of one inhalation and one exhalation.

20. Structure and Function3D view of diaphragm - YouTube
Muscles for Breathing
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea (windpipe)
Right and left bronchi
Muscles for Breathing
The major muscles that contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity during inspiration are the:
Diaphragm
Note: The diaphragm lowers itself when it contracts during inhalation

21. Diagnostic, Procedural & Laboratory Tests
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests
Diagnostic, Procedural & Laboratory Tests
Methods Used to Diagnose Respiratory Disorders:
Auscultation
Assessing respiratory rate
Percussion
Sputum analysis
Normal Adult respiratory rate is 12 to 20 respirations per minute.

22. Pulmonary Function Tests
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests
Pulmonary Function Tests
Pulmonary function tests measure the mechanics of breathing.
Peak flow meter
measures the capacity for breathing
Spirometer
a pulmonary function testing machine that measures the lungs volume and capacity

23. Pulse Oximetry: Measures the saturation of O2 inside the body

24. Abnormalities/Masses
Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests
Abnormalities/Masses
Abnormalities such as masses and restricted blood flow within the lungs can be detected via:
Chest x-rays
MRI
Lung scans
Structures of the respiratory system can be observed via:
Endoscopy
Bronchoscopy

25. Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests
Laboratory Tests
Laboratory Tests
Throat Cultures
Sputum Sample
Arterial Blood Gases

26. Pathology Pathology epiglottitis adenoiditis bronchitis Inflammatory
Conditions
laryngitis
pharyngitis
pneumonitis
rhinitis
sinusitis
tonsillitis
laryngotracheobronchitis

27. Breathing Patterns Pathology Hypoventilation Hyperventilation
eupnea
hyperpnea
Breathing Patterns
bradypnea
dyspnea
tachypnea
apnea
hypopnea
orthopnea
Other Conditions
Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Hypoxemia

28. Pathology
Upper Respira tory Infection
Upper respiratory infection is a term that covers an infection of some or all of the respiratory tract.
Other Conditions:
Croup
Diptheria
Epistaxis
Rhinorrhea
Pertussis
Rhinitis

29. Pathology
Chronic Obstructive Puhttp://s.ytimg.com/yts/img/favicon-vfldLzJxy.ico Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a term for any disease with chronic obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Normal bronchiole
Asthmatic bronchiole, showing constriction
Asthma causes narrowing of the bronchi leading to dyspnea, wheezing and coughing.

30. Hemoptysis Pathology Hemoptysis Cystic Fibrosis Atelectasis Pneumonia
Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of blood.
Cystic Fibrosis
Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction.
Atelectasis
Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a lung.
Pneumonia
Acute infection of the alveoli.

31. Pathology
TB: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs. It may spread to other organs.
ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood.
Lung Cancer: Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs. The lungs are located in the chest. Most lung cancer begins in the cells of the bronchi.

32. Disorders of the Pleura
Pathology
Disorders of the Pleura
Disorders of the Pleura
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.
Empyema
Pus in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax
Blood in the pleural cavity.
Pleural Effusion
Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.

33. Otorhinolaryngologists
Surgical Terms
Otorhinolaryngologists
Pulmonologists are physicians that specialize in disorders and diseases of the lungs.
Surgical Removal Conditions
Laryngectomy
Tonsillectomy
Adenoidectomy
Pneumonectomy
Lobectomy

34. Surgical Repair Surgical Terms Surgical Repair laryngoplasty
bronchoplasty
laryngoplasty
Surgical Repair
septoplasty
rhinoplasty
tracheoplasty

35. Surgical Incisions Surgical Terms Surgical Incisions
Tracheostomy tube
Laryngotracheotomy
Sinusotomy
Thoracotomy
Tracheotomy
Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway.

36. Pharmacology Pharmacology
Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are used for respiratory disorders just as with other system disorders.
Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions:
Bronchodilators
Dilate the bronchial walls
Expectorants
Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus

37. Mechanical Devices Pharmacology
Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration
Ventilators
Actually serve as a breathing substitute for patients who can not breathe on their own.
Nebulizers
Deliver medication through the mouth or nose to ease breathing problems

38. Agents to Treat Respiratory Conditions
Pharmacology
Agents to Treat Respiratory Conditions
Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions
Antitussive
Expectorants
(relieves coughing)
(promotes coughing and expelling of mucus)
Decongestants
(decreases and prevents mucus buildup)

39. Apply Your Knowledge Apply Your Knowledge
Identify the following respiratory structures: A. B. C.

40. Apply Your Knowledge Answers
A Trachea
B Bronchus
C Alveoli

41. Apply Your Knowledge Part 2
An obstruction in which of the following would be MOST fatal?
A. BRONCHIOLE
B. TRACHEA
C. BRONCHI

42. Answer
B. Trachea

43. Apply Your Knowledge Part 3
Mr. Davis has had hoarseness for the past six months. He recently went to his physician and received a diagnosis of cancer of his voice box.
Which of the following procedures might be indicated for Mr. Davis?
A. Pharyngectomy
B. Pneumonectomy
C. Laryngectomy

44. Answer: C. Laryngectomy

45. Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
Melissa has very thick respiratory secretions. She visits a local pharmacy looking for something to help her with her dry cough.
Which of the following types of medication should Melissa consider taking?
A. Expectorant
B. Antitussive
C. Antibiotic

46. Answer: A. Expectorant