1. Unit 1 Chapters 1 and 4 Introduction to A&P Organ Systems of the Body

2. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 2 STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (Figure 1-1)  Organization is an outstanding characteristic of body structure  The body is a unit constructed of the following smaller units:  Cells—the smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals  Tissues—organizations of similar cells  Organs—organizations of different kinds of tissues  Systems—organizations of many different kinds of organs

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4. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 4 ANATOMICAL POSITION (Figure 1-2)  Standing erect with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward

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6. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 6 ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS  Superior—toward the head, upper, above  Inferior—toward the feet, lower, below  Anterior—front, in front of (same as ventral in humans)  Posterior—back, in back of (same as dorsal in humans)  Medial—toward the midline of a structure  Lateral—away from the midline or toward the side of a structure  Proximal—toward or nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin of a structure  Distal—away from or farthest from the trunk, or farthest from a structure’s point of origin  Superficial—nearer the body surface  Deep—farther away from the body surface

7. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 7 PLANES OR BODY SECTIONS (Figure 1-3)  Sagittal plane—lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections  Midsagittal—sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves  Frontal (coronal) plane—lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior sections  Transverse plane—horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections

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9. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 9 BODY CAVITIES (Figure 1-4)  Ventral cavity  Thoracic cavity Mediastinum—midportion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea are located in mediastinum Mediastinum—midportion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea are located in mediastinum Pleural cavities—right lung located in right pleural cavity, left lung is in left pleural cavity Pleural cavities—right lung located in right pleural cavity, left lung is in left pleural cavity

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11. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 11 BODY CAVITIES  Ventral cavity (cont.)  Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen Pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine Pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine Abdominopelvic regions (Figures 1-5 and 1-6) Abdominopelvic regions (Figures 1-5 and 1-6) –Nine regions –Four quadrants

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14. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 14 BODY CAVITIES  Dorsal cavity  Cranial cavity contains brain  Spinal cavity contains spinal cord

15. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 15 BODY REGIONS (Figure 1-8)  Axial region—head, neck, and torso or trunk  Appendicular region—upper and lower extremities

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17. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 17 THE BALANCE OF BODY FUNCTIONS  Survival of the individual and of the genes is the body’s most important business  Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis (relative constancy of the internal environment; Figure 1-9); the body uses negative feedback loops and, less often, positive feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis

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19. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 19 THE BALANCE OF BODY FUNCTIONS  All organs function to maintain homeostasis  Body functions are related to age; peak efficiency is reached during young adulthood, diminishing efficiency begins after young adulthood

20. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 20 DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS  Organ—a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any tissue alone  Organ system—a group of organs arranged in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any organ alone  Knowledge of individual organs and how they are organized into groups makes the understanding of how a particular organ system functions as a whole more meaningful

21. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 21 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Integumentary system (Figure 4-2)  Structure—organs Skin Skin Hair Hair Nails Nails Sense receptors Sense receptors Sweat glands Sweat glands Oil glands Oil glands  Functions Protection Protection Regulation of body temperature Regulation of body temperature Synthesis of chemicals Synthesis of chemicals Sense organ Sense organ

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23. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 23 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Skeletal system (Figure 4-3)  Structure Bones Bones Joints Joints  Functions Support Support Movement (with joints and muscles) Movement (with joints and muscles) Storage of minerals Storage of minerals Blood cell formation Blood cell formation

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25. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 25 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Muscular system (Figure 4-4)  Structure Muscles Muscles  Voluntary, or striated  Involuntary, or smooth  Cardiac  Functions Movement Movement Maintenance of body posture Maintenance of body posture Production of heat Production of heat

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27. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 27 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Nervous system (Figure 4-5)  Structure Brain Brain Spinal cord Spinal cord Nerves Nerves Sense organs Sense organs  Functions Communication Communication Integration Integration Control Control Recognition of sensory stimuli Recognition of sensory stimuli  System functions by production of nerve impulses caused by stimuli of various types  Control is fast-acting and of short duration

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29. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 29 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Endocrine system (Figure 4-6)  Structure Pituitary gland Pituitary gland Pineal gland Pineal gland Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands Thymus gland Thymus gland Adrenal glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Pancreas Ovaries (female) Ovaries (female) Testes (male) Testes (male)

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31. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 31 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Endocrine system (cont.)  Functions Secretion of special substances called hormones directly into the blood Secretion of special substances called hormones directly into the blood Same as nervous system—communication, integration, control Same as nervous system—communication, integration, control Control is slow and of long duration Control is slow and of long duration Examples of hormone regulation: Examples of hormone regulation:  Growth  Metabolism  Reproduction  Fluid and electrolyte balance

32. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 32 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Cardiovascular (circulatory) system (Figure 4-7)  Structure Heart Heart Blood vessels Blood vessels  Arteries  Veins  Capillaries  Functions Transportation Transportation Regulation of body temperature Regulation of body temperature Immunity (body defense) Immunity (body defense)

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34. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 34 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Lymphatic system (Figure 4-8)  Structure Lymph nodes Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic vessels Tonsils Tonsils Thymus Thymus Spleen Spleen  Functions Transportation Transportation Immunity (body defense) Immunity (body defense)

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36. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 36 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Respiratory system (Figure 4-9)  Structure Nose Nose Pharynx Pharynx Larynx Larynx Trachea Trachea Bronchi Bronchi Lungs Lungs  Functions Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen occurs in the alveoli of the lungs Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen occurs in the alveoli of the lungs Warm and humidify incoming air Warm and humidify incoming air Filtration of irritants from inspired air Filtration of irritants from inspired air Regulation of acid-base balance Regulation of acid-base balance

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38. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 38 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Digestive system (Figure 4-10)  Structure Primary organs Primary organs  Mouth  Pharynx  Esophagus  Stomach  Small intestine  Large intestine  Rectum  Anal canal Accessory organs Accessory organs  Teeth  Salivary glands  Tongue  Liver  Gallbladder  Pancreas  Appendix

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40. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 40 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Digestive system (cont.)  Functions Mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food Mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food Absorption of nutrients Absorption of nutrients Undigested waste product that is eliminated is called feces Undigested waste product that is eliminated is called feces  Appendix Structural but not a functional part of digestive system Structural but not a functional part of digestive system Inflammation of appendix is called appendicitis Inflammation of appendix is called appendicitis

41. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 41 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Urinary system (Figure 4-11)  Structure Kidneys Kidneys Ureters Ureters Urinary bladder Urinary bladder Urethra Urethra  Functions “Clearing” or cleaning blood of waste products; waste product excreted from body is called urine “Clearing” or cleaning blood of waste products; waste product excreted from body is called urine Electrolyte balance Electrolyte balance Water balance Water balance Acid-base balance Acid-base balance In males, urethra has urinary and reproductive functions In males, urethra has urinary and reproductive functions

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43. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 43 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Reproductive system (Figures 4-12 and 4-13)  Structure Male Male  Gonads—testes  Genital ducts—vas deferens, urethra  Accessory gland—prostate  Supporting structures—genitalia (penis and scrotum) Female Female  Gonads—ovaries  Accessory organs—uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina  Supporting structures—genitalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)

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46. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 46 ORGAN SYSTEMS  Reproductive system (cont.)  Functions Survival of genes Survival of genes Production of sex cells (male: sperm; female: ova) Production of sex cells (male: sperm; female: ova) Transfer and fertilization of sex cells Transfer and fertilization of sex cells Development and birth of offspring Development and birth of offspring Nourishment of offspring Nourishment of offspring Production of sex hormones Production of sex hormones

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