1. By Patricia Pascual http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/2008/0311/p13s01-bogn.html

2. What Chomsky said (Rumbaugh) Language is in the genetic makeup of human beings Only humans have and use language http://westernstandard.blogs.com/shotgun/2008/10/noam-chomsky-ca.html NOAM CHOMSKY

3. Why Great Apes? Share 99% of genetic material with YOU… and me. (Jannedy) Smart, social, easier to live with than an elephant http://www.umbc.edu/blogs/changingaging/longevity/ Gua: 1930s Experiment Goal: to see if a chimp can learn language merely by exposure No formal education How: Gua was “adopted” by a human family Successful? NO

4. Viki: 1950s Experiment Goal: To prove a chimp could learn language if raised properly How: Live with humans and undergo training Successful? NO Koko: 1970s Experiment Goal: To prove non-human primates have human language capability How: Vocal anatomy of gorillas showed they physically lack capability to speak, so Koko was taught ASL Successful? YES!

5. Project Nim: Nim Chimpsky Goal: To see if a chimp could use ASL to communicate and disprove Noam Chomsky’s claim How: Immerse Nim in an environment where he would use ASL Successful? NO Then what’s so special about Nim? His communicative language skills did not develop entirely, but his social skills did http://www.npr.org/templates/story/st ory.php?storyId=90516132

6. Language Analogue Project Goal: To show language ability of chimps specifically with lexigrams Lexigrams- symbols that correspond with objects or ideas (Jannedy) Research project used Lana, female chimp, for studies How: Trained Lana to communicate in Yerkish, a language designed for primates which includes a keyboard with lexigrams (Great ape) Successful? YES! http://www.greatapetrust.org/science/history-of-ape- language/use-of-human-languages-by-captive-great-apes/

7. The Future Researchers have moved on from trying to teach chimps to learn human language to studying how they communicate on their own (Adler) Issues and Concerns Is this ethical? Are they really learning? What does this mean for humans? Further thinking Why were Viki’s and Nim’s results considered unsuccessful? Language is more than just a way of transferring information Was Chomsky right?.

8. http://blog.oregonlive.com/pdxgreen/2008/02/vote.html

9. Great Ape Trust of Iowa. Bonobos May Have Greater Linguistic Skills Than Previously Thought. ScienceDaily, 2 Sep. 2008. 6 April 2011.. Adler, Margot. The Chimp That Learned Sign Language. Day to Day from National Public Radio, 28 May 2008. 7 April 2011.. Rumbaugh, Duane. Use of Human Language by Captive Great Apes. Great Ape Trust, 2005. 6 April 2011.. Jannedy, Stefanie. Animal Communication. The Linguistics Department of Ohio State University, 1994. 7 April 2011.. Great Ape Language. ScienceDaily. 6 April 2011.. Great ape Language. Wikipedia. 2 March 2011. 6 April 2011..