1. 11.1: The New Democratic Politics in North America

2. A. The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage While the population of the United States more than doubled between 1800 and 1830, the trans- Appalachian population grew tenfold.

3. B. The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage 1.In 1800, only white, male, property owners could vote in most states. 2.As new western states came into the Union, suffrage expanded. 3.By 1820 most of the older states had dropped property qualifications. 4.By 1840, 90 percent of adult white males could vote 5.Women and African Americans were barred from voting.

4. C. The Election of 1824 1.The 1824 election marked an end to the Era of Good Feelings. 2.Though Andrew Jackson had the most popular votes, John Q. Adams won as a result of so-called “corrupt bargain.” 3.Hostile relations with Congress block many of Adams’s initiatives.

5. D. The New Popular Democratic Culture 1.A more popular form of politics was emerging. 2.New state organizations increased political participation. New techniques of mass campaigning encouraged increases in participation.

6. E. The New Popular Democratic Culture: The Print Revolution 1.The print revolution was most evident in the growth of newspapers. 2.Tightly-organized, broad-based political groups emerged. 3.Party loyalty among politicians and the public was stressed as politics became a feature of everyday life.

7. F. The Election of 1828 1.In the 1828 election, Jackson triumphed as his supporters portrayed the contest as a struggle between democracy and aristocracy. 2.His victory showed the strength of the new popular democratic culture and system of national parties made up of a coalition of the North, South, and West.

8. 11.2 : The Jackson Presidency “Old Hickory”

10. A. A Popular Figure 1.Jackson symbolized the personal advancement that the frontier offered; rags to riches. 2.Military hero, rich slave owner

11. B. A Strong Executive 1.Jackson’s Democrats created a national coalition that went beyond sectional identity. 2.Jackson was a strong executive who consulted with the “Kitchen Cabinet,” largely ignoring his cabinet. 3.Jackson strengthened the presidency by using the veto more frequently than had all of his predecessors combined.

12. C. The Nation’s Leader versus Sectional Spokesmen 1.Regional spokespeople included: a.Daniel Webster for the East; b.John C. Calhoun for the South; c.Henry Clay for the West. 2.Jackson overrode sectional interests and had national appeal.

13. The Nullification Crisis 1.Constitutional ambiguity, sectional interests, and the states’ rights issue caused political controversies. 2.The 1828 “Tariff of Abominations” elicited a strong reaction from South Carolina. Southerners argued that the tariff was an unconstitutional effort to enrich the North at southern expense. 3.John C. Calhoun wrote a defense of the doctrine of nullification claiming states could refuse to enforce laws they deemed unconstitutional. 4.South Carolina nullified the 1832 tariff and threatened to secede. 5.Jackson considered South Carolina’s action treason and passed the Force Bill. 6.Henry Clay engineered a compromise tariff that ended the threat of civil war; the Tariff of 1833.

14. 11.2 : The Jackson Presidency “Old Hickory”

16. A. A Popular Figure 1.Jackson symbolized the personal advancement that the frontier offered; rags to riches. 2.Military hero, rich slave owner

17. B. A Strong Executive 1.Jackson’s Democrats created a national coalition that went beyond sectional identity. 2.Jackson was a strong executive who consulted with the “Kitchen Cabinet,” largely ignoring his cabinet. 3.Jackson strengthened the presidency by using the veto more frequently than had all of his predecessors combined.

18. C. The Nation’s Leader versus Sectional Spokesmen 1.Regional spokespeople included: a.Daniel Webster for the East; b.John C. Calhoun for the South; c.Henry Clay for the West. 2.Jackson overrode sectional interests and had national appeal.

19. The Nullification Crisis 1.Constitutional ambiguity, sectional interests, and the states’ rights issue caused political controversies. 2.The 1828 “Tariff of Abominations” elicited a strong reaction from South Carolina. Southerners argued that the tariff was an unconstitutional effort to enrich the North at southern expense. 3.John C. Calhoun wrote a defense of the doctrine of nullification claiming states could refuse to enforce laws they deemed unconstitutional. 4.South Carolina nullified the 1832 tariff and threatened to secede. 5.Jackson considered South Carolina’s action treason and passed the Force Bill. 6.Henry Clay engineered a compromise tariff that ended the threat of civil war; the Tariff of 1833.

20. 11.4: The Second American Party System

21. Whigs and Democrats 1. Democrats: a.Organized to elect Jackson to presidency in 1828 b.Party spoke for Jeffersonian democracy, expansion, and the freedom of the “common man” from interference of the government of financial monopolies c.It’s power base lay in the rural South and West and among northern urban workers

22. Whigs and Democrats 2. Whigs: a.Organized in opposition to Jackson in early 1830s b.Heirs to Federalism, they favored strong role for national government in economy and supported active social reform c.It’s power base lay in the North and Old Northwest among voters who benefited from increased commercialization and among southern planters and urban merchants

23. B. The Campaign of 1840 1. In the election of 1840 Whigs portrayed their candidate, William Henry Harrison, as a humble man happy to live in a log cabin. 2. The Whigs won a sweeping electoral victory in a campaign with 80 percent voter turnout.

24. C. The Whig Victory Turns to Loss: The Tyler Presidency 1.The Whig triumph was short-lived as Harrison died a month after his inauguration. Vice- President John Tyler assumed office. A former Democrat, Tyler vetoed a series of bills calling for a new Bank of the United States, tariffs, and internal improvements. The Whigs were unable to bridge the gap between North and South.