1. Greco-Roman Religion By:Sarah Perry, Karen Rodriguez, Jo-Ann Smith, Daniel Bondi, and Russell Megenity

2. Different gods were worshiped is different Greek city-states. ● for example, Athens worshiped Athena, Sparta believed in Artemis, and Corinth worshiped Aphrodite The gods were believed... ● to be immune to disease and sickness ● to become invisible ● to travel long distances almost instantly ● to be able to speak through humans with or without their knowledge There were 12 major Greek gods who lived on Mnt. Olympus. ● Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Demeter, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Hera, Hermes, Poseidon, and Zeus Most Greek gods have Roman counterparts because the Roman Empire adopted many of the spiritual beliefs of ancient Greeks who preceded them. ● Poseidon - Neptune ● Zeus - Jupiter ● Hades - Plato Gods

3. ● Athena ●goodness of wisdom, the arts, law, justice, and warfare ●daughter of Zeus and sister of Ares ●symbol of female independence because of her defeat of Poseidon and escape from Hephaestus’s attempted rape ● Poseidon ●god of the sea ●became an Olympian god in the Bronze Age of Greece ●brother of Zeus and Hades ● Zeus ●god of the sky and thunder ●represented by a lightning bolt, an eagle, a bull and an oak tree Gods Cont.

5. ● the earth was flat floating on the Ocean ● believed in monstrous creatures ( o EX. Keres- evil female spirits o centaurs- wild half man half horse creatures full of knowledge o medusa- winged female creature with snake hair) ● Hades was the destination of the dead separated from earth by the Styx River (cannot enter without a proper burial) ● Elysium was a place of paradise for the good ● did not believe in reincarnation even though it was often discussed in Greek philosophy Basic Beliefs

6. ● The relationship between human beings and deities was based on the concept of exchange: gods and goddesses were expected to give gifts ● Votive offerings, which have been excavated from sanctuaries by the thousands, were a physical expression of thanks on the part of individual worshippers. Practice

7. ● The major form of worship for both Greeks and Roman was sacrifice and prayer ● The Greeks felt it was important for humans to show their reverence or respect for the gods through their actions ● They made daily sacrifices to the gods and goddesses o These sacrifices were generally food or drink; Greeks and Romans would simply share part of each meal with the gods o Animals such as goats, sheep, and birds might also be sacrificed to the gods and the blood served in goblets. Rituals/Holidays

8. ● Children outside of religion ● Most significant roles were found in cults -Cults and Festivals involving Fortuna (Goddess of fortune) were the most important. EX: Fortuna Virgo (Goddess of Virginity) protected young girls who ceremonially gave their small togas to her when they came of age and wore a stola while moving to the protection of Fortuna Primigenia (Goddess of fate and luck whose worship was centered around the city of Praeneste- modern day Palestrina). ● Most important role was a Vestal Virgin -6 priestesses representing the daughters of the royal house who tended to the cult Vesta (goddess of the hearth). - Virgins were chosen at the ages of 6-10 by a pontifex maximus “a chief priest” -Requirements include: Ages 6-10, born free, both parents alive, free of mental and physical defects. Role of Women in the Religion

9. Roles of Vestal Virgins: ● Tending to the fire in the Vesta Temple ● Keeping vow of chastity ● Getting water from sacred spring ● Preparing ritual food ● Caring for the object’s in the temples sanctuary ● Officiating at the Vestalia (a period of public worship for Vesta) * Beaten if they didn’t do their duties and buried alive for breaking their vow of chastity Benefits: ● Ability to own their own land ● Emancipate from father’s rule Role of Women continued

10. Homeric Hymns: -Hymns written anonymously celebrating 34 different gods -NOT written by Homer -Homeric because they share the same epic meter of writing as Homer’s -Contains major hymns to Demeter, Apollo, Hermes, and Aphrodite -Contains minor hymns to Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Artemis, Hephaestus, and Ares ● Sacred writings have also survived in the form of oracles, inscriptions, and instructions to the dead. Texts and Books

11. - Mainly greek religion -slowly conformed more and more with the roman religion -The religion spread all the way from Dodana to Rhodes -It was mostly greek centered until the end and more of the roman religion was infused Origin and Diffusion

12. ● before christianity Greco-Roman polytheism ruled Rome and Greece ● spans a period from Minoan and Mycenaean periods where it appears to evolve from the Hellenistic Bronze Age ● Herodotus (Ancient Greek historian) traced many practices back to ancient Egypt ● by the 1st century BCE, there were other religions that worshipped Ba’al and Astarte, a jewish synagogue, and romans who followed original roman gods such as Apollo and Neptune. Contact with other religions

13. Similarities and Differences Differences ●for the most part polytheistic as opposed to monotheistic Judeo-Christian religions ●Greco Romans believed their gods were human men, while most other religions thought of their gods as perfect in every way ●Greco Roman gods were seen as approachable as if they were more understood ●Females were respected in this religion very much while in other parts of the world they were rejected as equals Similarities ●similar to many religions around the world the Greco Romans used human sacrifice ●erected great houses and structures for the gods such as temples and monuments ●The Greco Romans had a preceding religion from Persia know as Mithraism similar to Judeo-Christianity and many other religions in the world

14. "Greco-Roman Gods and Goddesses." Greek Gods and Goddesses. Web. 15 Sept. 2014. "Ancient Greek and Roman Religion." Ancient Greek Religion and Philosophy. Web. 15 Sept. 2014. "Overview of Ancient Greek Religion." Overview of Greek Religion. Web. 15 Sept. 2014. "Greco-Roman Religion and Philosophy." Gale Student Resources. Web. 15 Sept. 2014. "Women in Roman Religious Life." GraecoMuse. 25 Dec. 2012. Web. 13 Sept. 2014. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Homeric Hymns." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Apr. 2014. Web. 15 Sept. 2014. "Ancient Greek and Roman Religion." Ancient Greek Religion and Philosophy. Web. 15 Sept. 2014. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Vestal Virgins (Roman Religion)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 15 Sept. 2014. Sources

15. Greco-Roman Edition Jeopardy

16. SarahKarenJo-AnnDanielRussell $100 $200 $300 $400 $500

17. Who was Poseidon? Sarah $100

18. God of the sea

19. Name one of 12 major Greek Gods whose name starts with an “H”. Sarah $200

20. Hephaestus, Hera, or Hermes

21. What did Athena represent? Sarah $300

22. Female independence, wisdom, and justice

23. Who was the Roman counterpart of Zeus? Sarah $400

24. Jupiter

25. What was the place of paradise called? Sarah $500

26. Elysium

27. True or False? Gods and Goddesses were expected to give gifts. Karen $100

28. True

29. What types of animals were usually sacrificed to the Gods and Goddesses? Karen $200

30. Goats, Sheep, and Birds

31. What concept was the relationship between humans and deities based off of? Karen $300

32. Exchange

33. What were the major forms of worship for the Greeks and Romans? Karen $400

34. Sacrifice and Prayer

35. What are votive offerings? Karen $500

36. Physical expression of thanks from individual worshippers to a God/Goddesses

37. True or False? Homeric Hymns were written by Homer. Jo-Ann $100

38. False. It is unknown who wrote them.

39. What are the forms that sacred writings can be found in? Jo-Ann $200

40. Oracles, Inscriptions, Instructions to the Dead, and Hymns

41. What are the Homeric Hymns? Jo-Ann $300

42. Hymns written anonymously celebrating 34 different Gods

43. What does a Vestal Virgin represent? Jo-Ann $400

44. Daughters of the royal house who tended to the Cult of Vesta.

45. What is a “Pontifex Maximus”? Jo-Ann $500

46. Chief Priest

47. What is a practice that sets the Greco- Roman religion apart from others? Daniel $100

48. Polytheistic

49. Females were _____and______. Daniel $200

50. Respected and Equal

51. Gods were seen as _______ by humans. Daniel $300

52. Approachable

53. What is the age in which Greco-Roman Gods evolved? Daniel $400

54. Hellenistic Bronze Age

55. What was the proceeding religion for Greco-Romans? Daniel $500

56. Mithraism

57. Who was the “mightiest” of Gods? Russell $100

58. Zeus

59. Was the Greek Religion polytheistic or monotheistic? Russell $200

60. Polytheistic

61. How did the people worship their Gods and Goddesses? Russell $300

62. Through sacrifice

63. What was fate? Russell $400

64. A predetermined way of things happening. There is no way to change what is going to happen.

65. In what civilization did Greek religion begin in? Russell $500

66. The Mycenaeans