1. Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution Mr. Calella American Studies I (Honors) Foundation of Government in America

2. Questions to Consider What is a constitution? Purpose? What is a constitution? Purpose? Why are constitutions written? Why are constitutions written? How should institutions of gov’t be organized? How should institutions of gov’t be organized? Why has the U.S. Constitution endured? Why has the U.S. Constitution endured?

3. Articles of Confederation Republic & Confederation Republic & Confederation 1 st constitution 1 st constitution A loose association of states (retained most their sovereignty); Americans’ fear A loose association of states (retained most their sovereignty); Americans’ fear Ratification held up Ratification held up Passed Nov 1777 (during war) Passed Nov 1777 (during war) National legislature called the Congress National legislature called the Congress No executive or judicial branches No executive or judicial branches Congress had limited powers Congress had limited powers Slavery Slavery

4. Two Successes under the Articles of Confederation Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787

6. Primary Source Activity Go to my wiki page… Go to my wiki page…Gcalella.pbworks.com Download the document under today’s lesson regarding George Washington’s evaluation of the Articles of Confederation Download the document under today’s lesson regarding George Washington’s evaluation of the Articles of Confederation Read and complete the document Read and complete the document

7. Weaknesses of the Confederation Weak central government Weak central government No ability to collect taxes (war debt) No ability to collect taxes (war debt) No executive branch to enforce laws No executive branch to enforce laws No judicial branch to interpret laws No judicial branch to interpret laws 13 separate states that lacked national unity (focus on local issues) 13 separate states that lacked national unity (focus on local issues) Inflation from overprinting of $ Inflation from overprinting of $ Cannot address foreign affairs (threats?) Cannot address foreign affairs (threats?) Could not quash domestic uprisings… Could not quash domestic uprisings…

8. Thomas Jefferson’s Comments on Shay’s Rebellion “I hold it, that a little rebellion, now and then, is a good thing, and as necessary in the political world as storms are in the physical... It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government.” Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to James Madison, Jan., 1787 “The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time, with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure.” Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to Wm. Stephens Smith, Nov., 1787 Discuss: How might Jefferson’s opinion have been affected by the fact that he was living in Paris at the time of Shays’s Rebellion?

9. Excerpt from Federalist No. 51, James Madison, Feb. 6, 1788 “If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.” Discuss: In what ways can this famous passage from Federalist No. 51 be related to Shays’s Rebellion?

10. Shay’s Rebellion

11. Constitutional Convention Philadelphia meeting of delegates to discuss remedies for ailing Confederation (May 1787) Philadelphia meeting of delegates to discuss remedies for ailing Confederation (May 1787) George Washington made president of convention George Washington made president of convention Delegates decided to scrap Articles and set up an entirely new government Delegates decided to scrap Articles and set up an entirely new government Washington kept the delegates focused on their task Washington kept the delegates focused on their task

12. Convention’s Compromises The Constitution is often referred to as a “bundle of comprises.” To what extent and in what ways is this description accurate? Work in pairs. Short paragraph for each compromise Using on-line sources and your notes, summarize the following compromises in your response. Great Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Commerce Compromise Slave Trade Compromise Election of the President

13. Ratification Federalists v. Anti-Federalists Federalists v. Anti-Federalists Attributes of Federalists Attributes of Federalists Attributes of Anti-Federalists Attributes of Anti-Federalists Bill of Rights Bill of Rights Delaware, Virginia, and New York Delaware, Virginia, and New York The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers

14. Constitutional Principles

15. Limited Government 1 st and oldest written constitution in the world 1 st and oldest written constitution in the world Designed to prevent tyranny experienced under British rule, which had an unwritten, open-ended constitution Designed to prevent tyranny experienced under British rule, which had an unwritten, open-ended constitution You limit the the government’s powers by stating its powers You limit the the government’s powers by stating its powers

16. Checks and Balances Prevents one branch from becoming more powerful than the others Prevents one branch from becoming more powerful than the others Branches have ways of checking and balancing the power of the others Branches have ways of checking and balancing the power of the others

17. Separation of Powers Government divided into 3 branches: legislative (Art. I), executive (Art. II), and judicial (Art. III) Each branch has specific powers but must work with others for government to function

18. Federalism Divides power between national and state government Divides power between national and state government States needed to sacrifice some of their sovereignty for the sake of national unity States needed to sacrifice some of their sovereignty for the sake of national unity

19. Popular Sovereignty Preamble of the Constitution expresses idea that source of power rests with the people Preamble of the Constitution expresses idea that source of power rests with the people Examples Examples Vote for representatives Vote for representatives Indirect vote for president Indirect vote for president Amendment process Amendment process