1. It is disconcerting to reflect on the number of students we have flunked in chemistry for not knowing what we later found to be untrue. ~Robert L. Weber

2. Neutralization Reactions

3. A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water Bases will have the hydroxide ion (OH - ) present Acids will have the hydrogen ion (H + ) present a double displacement reaction (trade partners!)

4. Mono, di, tri Acids and bases can be defined as mono, di, or tri- protic or hydroxic Depends on the number of H + or OH - ions present H 3 PO 4 H 2 SO 4 HClKOH Mg(OH) 2 Al(OH) 3

5. Acid/Base Properties Acids – turn blue litmus red – Presence of protons (H + ) – Taste sour Bases – turn red litmus blue – Presence of hydroxide ions (OH-) – Taste bitter

6. Acid/Base Strength Use page 70(D) Data Tables in blue booklet or Table D7 if the first doesn’t work Example: – Which is stronger? HClO 4 or H 2 CO 3 – H 2 S or H 2 O? – H 3 PO 4 or H 3 AsO 4 ?

7. Example Magnesium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid  magnesium chloride + water Mg(OH) 2(aq) + 2HCl (aq)  MgCl 2(aq) +2H 2 O (aq) (base)(acid)(salt)(water)

8. Net Ionic Equations HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) s. Acids. Basesaltwater ***because HCl and NaOH are strong acids and bases, they break down into ions in solution*** H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) + Na + (aq) + OH - (aq)  Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) + H 2 O (l) (cancel spectator ions) Net ionic equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l)

9. Another way to write H + In aqueous solutions, H + exists as an H 3 O + ion Net ionic equation: H 3 O + (aq) + OH - (aq)  2H 2 O (l)

10. Examples http://www.crescent.edu.sg/crezlab/WEbpag es/Neutralisation.htm http://www.crescent.edu.sg/crezlab/WEbpag es/Neutralisation.htm

11. Titration A method for determining the [concentration] of a solution by reacting a known volume of the solution with a solution of known concentration. You are searching for the equivalence point (where moles acid = moles base)

12. Acid-Base indicators Chemical dye whose colors are affected by acidic and basic solutions When the indicator changes color that is the end point of the titration (aka moles are equal!)

13. Examples http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8jdCWC1 0vQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8jdCWC1 0vQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UiuE7Xx 5l8&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UiuE7Xx 5l8&feature=related

14. Practice Problems Write a balanced formula equation and the net ionic equation for the following: a)Nitric acid + cesium hydroxide b)Hydrobromic acid + calcium hydroxide c)Sulfuric acid + potassium hydroxide d)Acetic acid + ammonium hydroxide