1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

2. Napoleon Bonaparte crossing the Great Saint Bernard pass in 1801. Painting, Jacques Louis David. The French Revolution establishes a new political order, Napoleon Bonaparte gains and loses an empire, and European states forge a balance of power. SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 The French Revolution Begins Napoleon Forges an Empire Napoleon’s Empire Collapses SECTION 5 The Congress of Vienna

3.  CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the French Revolution, the rise and fall of Napoleon, and the Congress of Vienna.  Objective 7.2: Explain the developments in French government that led to the Reign of Terror

4.  Louis XVI: King of France (1774 – 1792)  Marie Antoinette: Queen of France, wife to Louis XVI  Maximillian Robespierre: Influential leader of the Revolution, Jacobins, & the Reign of Terror  Jean-Paul Marat: newspaper writer who supported radical revolution in France  Georges Danton: early leader of the revolutionary Girondist group that wanted to end the power of the King  Girondists were a small group of the Legislative Assembly that wanted to get rid of Louis XVI, also led the war against Austria

5. The revolutionary government of France makes reforms but also uses terror and violence to retain power.

6.  The Rights of Man  National Assembly adopts Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen  Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”  A State-Controlled Church  National Assembly seizes church lands, turns clergy into public officials  This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics  Louis Tries to Escape  Louis, worried about his future, attempts to escape France  Revolutionaries catch the royal family near Netherlands’ border

7.  A Limited Monarchy  In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution  It created a limited monarchy with Louis losing much power  Legislative Assembly — created with new 1791 constitution; it was a new govt. body created to pass laws  Factions Split France  Major problems, including debt, food shortages remain  Assembly split into Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives (left, center, and right)  Émigrés — nobles who flee country, want Old Regime back in power  Sans-culottes — lower class not in assembly who want more change from the Revolution

8.  Foreign Wars  Austrians and Prussians want Louis in charge of France  France declares war - Prussian forces threaten to attack Paris  Parisian mob angry by war - jails royal family, kills guards  Pressured by mob, Legislative Assembly deposes the king and then dissolves and must create a new government and constitution  New Government  National Convention takes office in September 1792, forming French republic; no King!

9.  National Assembly – government created at the start of the revolution by the Third Estate in June 1789  adopts Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen  use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”  Legislative Assembly – created with the September 1791 constitution; limited monarchy  Undecided between radicals, moderates, and conservatives  National Convention – formed in September 1792  mobs force Legislative Assembly to dissolve  new govt. has no king and is a republic

10.  Jacobins Take Control  Jacobins — radical political organization behind 1792 governmental changes  After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of treason and beheaded  Guillotine — machine designed during the Revolution to behead people

11.  Maximilien Robespierre — Jacobin leader rules France for a year  Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety, a dictator  Reign of Terror — Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents  Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette  85 percent of those who die during the Terror are middle or lower class

12.  In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed  Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radicals  Moderate leaders write new constitution  Two-house legislature and five-man Directory restores order  New government makes Napoleon Bonaparte commander of armies

13. Which of these leaders leads the Reign of Terror? (A) Louis XVI (B) Jean Paul Marat (C) Maximillian Robespierre (D) Jacobin Which political group is behind the forming of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror? (A) The Girondists (B) The Jacobins (C) The Sans-Culottes (D) The Bourgeoisie

14. Which of these leaders leads the Reign of Terror? (A) Louis XVI (B) Jean Paul Marat (C) Maximillian Robespierre (D) Jacobin Which political group is behind the forming of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror? (A) The Girondists (B) The Jacobins (C) The Sans-Culottes (D) The Bourgeoisie