1. The Church in the Middle Ages
Section 2:
The Church in the Middle Ages

2. Threats from Within and Without
Section 2, Part 2:
Threats from Within and Without

3. Introduction
Historical eras are marked by key events that identify that era
Apostolic Times (30-100)—spread of the Church through Apostles’ work
Apologetical Times( )—persecution and apologetical defense
Patristic Era ( /800)—fathers & doctors of the Church defend the Church against heresy at Ecumenical Councils
Early Middle Ages ( )—monasticism, Islam, east-west tension, barbarian-papal-secular tension
Moving into the High/Late Middle Ages ( & )
Age characterized by disputes
Great Schism—11th century
Crusades—11th and 12th century
Decline in the Papacy—13th and 14th century
Three Articles
A The Eastern Schism
A The Crusades
A Challenges to the Papacy

4. Article 19: The Eastern Schism
Great/Eastern Schism—324 to 1054 & beyond to 1204 (other causes?)
Geographical differences = cultural
Rome & Constantinople (Constantine)
Linguistic Differences
West—Latin; East—Greek & Syriac
Theological Differences—N, Co, E, Ch
Arianism (Syrian) & Nestorianism (Coptic)
Hierarchical Differences--Chalcedon
Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, & Jerusalem
Church-State Relational Differences
West—pope; East—emperor over patriarch = vicar of XT
Icon Usage Differences
Pope Gregory II & John Damascene & Nicaea II vs. Leo III (Isaurian) & iconoclasm
Filioque--“and from” or “through”
9th century Photius vs. the West (Nicholas I & Adrian II)—linguistic now ecumenical
The Straw that Broke the Camels Back (or was it the 4th Crusade of 1204 )
Papal Authority—Pope Leo IX & Patriarch Michael Cerularius: Obj. vs. Subj. & lesson

5. You Tube Video: The Eastern Schism
The Great Schism Between East & Western Churches

6. Homework Section 2, Part 2 review questions 1 & 5
Read A. 20 in the e-Book for discussion tomorrow
Paul IV & Athenagorus I—1976—St. Paul’s

7. Article 20: The Crusades
Goal is to learn without rationalizing or judging--“let he who is without sin…”
First Crusade ( )
Recently separated East & West uniting over a common enemy (infidels)
Turks controlled parts of Asia Minor, Nicaea in 1084 & threatened Constantinople
Memories of Jerusalem’s fall in 1009; desire for pilgrimages, holy sites, & stop persecution
Pope Urban II ( ) rallied troops at Council of Clermont in 1095 in France
Military: Recover Jerusalem, fortified Constantinople, took back parts of Asia Minor
Moral: Byzantines were suspicious of the knights methods & motives
Knights received spiritual (indulgences) & temporal rewards (loot & lands)
Second Crusade ( )
Preached by Pope Eugene III & Bernard of Clairveaux in response to fall of Edessa
Military failure—lost all lands taken in First Crusade & Jerusalem
Third Crusade—King’s Crusade ( )
Led by Richard the Lion-Hearted, Phillip II, & Frederick Barbarossa
Failed to recapture Jerusalem but opened up pilgrimages & trade to it again

8. Article 20 cont.: The Crusades
Fourth Crusade ( )
Preached by Pope Innocent III ( ) to recapture
Jerusalem via sea root
Diverted to Constantinople to retake Byzantine
throne for emperor for compensation
Overcome by zeal—attacked citizens & looted churches
Pope Innocent III denounced the crusaders
Led to psycho-subjective split between east & west
Later Crusades
Children’s Crusade of 1212 did not end in the peaceful occupation
of Jerusalem but rather in death & enslavement
Other smaller crusades for cultural or political reasons also failed
Christian control of/in the Holy Land ended in 1291 when Acre fell
Outcomes of the Crusades
(+): goods; inventions; scholarly advances; Renaissance; minor military success
(-): military losses; permanent damage in east-west relations; scandal
We must learn from historical mistakes rather than using history as an excuse

9. You Tube Videos: The Crusades
The Crusades: A Concise Overview
The I-IV Crusades:

10. Homework Section 2, Part 2 review questions 3, 6
Make sure you have read A. 21 for discussion Thursday
Study for the Section 2, Part 2 Quiz (AA ) Monday
Make sure the Section 2, Part 2 review questions 1-7 are ready to turn in Monday

11. Article 21: Challenges to the Papacy
13th and 14th century is a period of Church decline & State rise
Weak popes after Innocent III in
1216 such as Boniface VIII ( )
Strong kings like Edward I & Phillip II encouraged nationalism
Clerical taxation, arrest of Boniface VIII, & election
of French Pope Clement V ( )
The Avignon Papacy ( )
Clement V appointed 9 of 10 cardinals French in 1305 & moved to France in 1309
Affluent lifestyle, Bishop of Rome, French kings, Hundred Years War
( ), lack of independence
Gregory XI moved the papacy back to Rome in 1377
Inspiration of the Italian 3rd Order Dominican mystic Catherine of Siena ( )

12. Article 21 cont.: Challenges to the Papacy
Great Western Schism
Gregory XI died in Rome in 1378 & Urban VI was elected under pressure in Rome
French cardinals returned to Avignon, deposed Urban & elected Clement VII
Countries aligned themselves along political lines; common people were confused
Church Council elected Alexander V to resolve but he died on way to Rome
Another Council is called to elect John XXII
Nobody relents since temporal power & influence are at stake
Council of Constance resolves with the election of Martin V in 1417
Antipope Clement VIII resigned in 1429 finally resolving the issue
Scandal & concilliarism—Church council has final voice in spiritual
matters
Pius II ( ) condemned & re-emphasized Papal Primacy
The Black Death (bubonic plague)—1347
20 million Europeans (1/3); especially cities; from Sicily; bacterial; naval rat fleas
Death permeated art, music, & folklore (Thomas a’Kempis’s Imitation of Christ)
Despite Church corruption; offered aid; led to clerical decline in number & quality

13. You Tube Videos: Schism & Death
The Great Western Schism
The Black Death: The Worst Plague in History

14. Homework Section 2, Part 2 review questions 2, 4, 7
Study for the Section 2, Part 2 Quiz (AA ) Monday
Make sure the Section 2, Part 2 review questions 1-7 are ready to turn in Monday