1. 3-D & 4-D GIS for Solving Field Development Problems John D. Grace, Ph.D. Earth Science Associates www.earthsci.com

2. 3-D/4-D GIS The 2-D Limitation GIS Mainly a Regional/Exploration Tool Databases Lose Detail at Large Scale Stacked Reservoirs Impede Field Use Reservoir Structure Ignored Gridding Capability Weak

3. 3-D/4-D GIS 2-D As Integration Tool Reservoirs, Platforms, Wells & Completions Reservoir Production Chart Well Test Report for Selected Completion Completions Are Scaled to 1999 Gas Production

4. 3-D/4-D GIS 3-D Foundations Hardware: 32 MB VRAM Video Cards Software: Spatial and 3-D Analyst Data: Well Directional Surveys Shape Type: Multipatches 3-D GIS - Not Just Visualization Tool

5. 3-D/4-D GIS Directional Surveys = PolyLineZs Straight Holes Deviated Holes Graphic Reference Cage High Island 105

6. 3-D/4-D GIS Completions & Paleo Use Multipatch Symbols High Island 105 Multipatch Top Hung On Perf or Sand Top Multipatch Bottom Set at Perf Bottom Second Comp In Deeper Sand

7. 3-D/4-D GIS 3-D Reservoir Estimation Grid Sand/Perf Tops & Perf Bottoms Calculate Productive Area in 2-D –Use Drainage Area of Gas & Oil Comps –Use Negative Area of Dry Holes Cut Top/Bottom Grids with 2-D Poly Convert Grids to Multipatchs

8. 3-D/4-D GIS Grid Reservoir Top & Bottom Wells Top Perf Grid Comp #1 Comp #2 Bottom Perf Grid

9. 3-D/4-D GIS Calculate 2-D Productive Area Based on Wells Positive Influence of Productive Comps Negative Influence of Dry Holes

10. 3-D/4-D GIS Cut Grids with 2-D Poly Top Perf Grid Bottom Perf Grid Productive Area of Reservoir

11. 3-D/4-D GIS Convert to Multipatch/Wireframe Multipatch Wireframe of Reservoir Completions Reservoir “Volygon” Honors Structure & Isopach

12. 3-D/4-D GIS Examples of 3-D GIS from GOM 3

13. 3-D/4-D GIS 4-D Foundations Map Production Parameters over Time –Using “Traditional” Gridding Algorithms –Using Radial Flow Equations Exploit 3-D GIS Environment –Map Performance on Reservoir Structure –Extract Grid Statistics “Animate” Grids over Time

14. 3-D/4-D GIS Gridding Production - Traditional Control at Each Completion Clip at Reservoir Boundary IDW Grid of Production Rates

15. 3-D/4-D GIS Gridding by Radial Flow Equation P r = P w +  Q Bo Bo  K h ln r rwrw Reservoir pressure at radius of distance r from the well Presure at well Production Fluid/Gas Properties Rock/Completion Properties Distance from Well The radial flow equation is used to calculate the movement of fluids and gases in a reservoir in response to production.

16. 3-D/4-D GIS Radial Flow Advantages Mapping Fluid/Gas Movement Honors Changing Rock/Fluid Properties –Thickness and relative permeability –GOR and water saturation Exposes Performance Details –Completion Efficiency –By-passed oil/gas and heterogeneities –Flow vectors for infill drilling

17. 3-D/4-D GIS Creating 4-D Animation Choose Sand in 3-D Scene Choose Map Parameters Extract Production Data from Oracle 3-D AnalystODBC/Oracle Spatial Analyst Grid Production for each Month/Year Drap Grids on Reservoir Top 3-D Analyst Enter 3-D from 2-D GIS ArcView Sequentially turn on grids to animate scene

18. 3-D/4-D GIS Examples of 4-D GIS from GOM 3

19. 3-D/4-D GIS 4-D GIS Analytic Platform Completion/Reservoir Performance Identify Water/Gas “Break Through” Identify By-Passed Oil/Gas Map Reservoir Heterogeneities Compute Flow Vectors for Infill Wells “Quick-Look” Reservoir Simulation

20. 3-D/4-D GIS 4-D As Integration Tool 2-D Map Production Chart 1993 Oil Production in 3-D 4-D Controls