1. 3/3/2016Copyright Ed Lipinski and Mesa Community College, 2003-2009. All rights reserved. 1 Research Methods Summer 2009 Making Systematic Observations

2. 2 Agenda General Housekeeping Assignments Lesson Objective Ed’s Overview / Discussion Questions.

3. 3 Objective “... to review how to make systematic observations”

4. 4 Ed’s Overview I.Deciding What To Observe II.Choosing Variables III.Choosing Measures IV. Choosing Opportunities V. Automation VI. Dealing With Problems.

5. 5 I. Deciding What To Observe Focus What Specific Observations What Variables To Observe Operational Definitions How Will Behaviors Be Measured What Will Be Manipulated.

6. 6 II. Choosing Variables A. Research Tradition. What Has Been Done Before Same or Different B. Theory. Variables Important To You C. Techniques. New Equipment Computerized Manipulation Availability of Equipment.

7. 7 III. Choosing Measures A. Reliability of a Measure B. Accuracy of a Measure C. Validity of a Measure D. Scales of Measure

8. 8 III. Choosing Measures A. Reliability of a Measure Produces Similar Results When Repeated Physical Measures Population Estimates Judgments By Observers Psychological Tests Test – Retest.

9. 9 III. Choosing Measures B. Accuracy of a Measure Produces Results That Agree With a Known Standard Precision Questions What Is Considered Deviant Going Against The Standard.

10. 10 III. Choosing Measures C. Validity of a Measure Measures What You Intend To Measure Face Validity Content Validity Criterion-related validity Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity Construct Validity Acceptance.

11. 11 III. Choosing Measures D. Scales of Measure Nominal Scales Ordinal Scales Interval Scales Ratio Scales Choosing a Scale of Measurement Information Yielded Statistical Tests Ecological Validity.

12. 12 IV. Choosing Opportunities A. Timing B. Resources C. Alternatives D. Working With Human Subjects E. The Role of the Experimenter.

13. 13 V. Automation A. Can Save Time B. Tend To Be More Accurate C. Can Miss Details D. Videos, Timers, Computers.

14. 14 VI. Dealing With Problems A. Pilot Study Can Help Determine Details Reliability and Validity But, Still Take Time and Resources B. Manipulation Checks Tests The I.V. Perceptions of Subjects.

15. 15 Recap I.Deciding What To Observe II.Choosing Variables III.Choosing Measures IV. Choosing Opportunities V. Automation VI. Dealing With Problems.

16. 16 Making Observations Questions