1. Why does a person become malnourished? Give two signs of malnourishment. Complete the table to evaluate slimming products and programmes What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to maintain good health. Use the information on the left to work out the BMI for the following people. What dietary and medical advice would you give to each? State three things that affect metabolic rate: Define metabolic rate Name the three major nutrient groups and state why we need each Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol levels. NameMass (kg)Height (m)BMIAdvice Mr X Miss P Mrs Q 70 65 54 1.90 1.43 1.74 19.4 31.8 17.8 Why do people need different amounts of energy in their diet?. Slimming method AdvantagesDisadvantages Weightwatchers Slim fast shakes Rosemary Connelly diet and exercise class Atkins diet What must a person do to stay healthy? BMI = mass in kg (height in m) 2 Underweight <18 Normal 19-24 Overweight 25 - 29 Obese >30 How does a person lose mass? Name a source of: Saturated fat: Unsaturated fat:

2. Why does a person become malnourished? Their diet is not balanced Give two signs of malnourishment. Overweight / underweight Deficiency disesase Complete the table to evaluate slimming products and programmes What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to maintain good health. Vitamins Minerals Use the information on the left to work out the BMI for the following people. What dietary and medical advice would you give to each? State three things that affect metabolic rate: Activity Levels The ratio of fat to muscle in the body Genes (inherited factors) Define metabolic rate is the rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out. Name the three major nutrient groups and state why we need each Carbohydrate – energy source Fat – energy, make hormones, insulation Protein – build new cells Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol levels. Diet Genes NameMass (kg)Height (m)BMIAdvice Mr X Miss P Mrs Q 70 65 54 1.90 1.43 1.74 19.4 31.8 17.8 Healthy Obese –eat less fat and sugar; exercise more Underweight – increase calorie intake Why do people need different amounts of energy in their diet? Different people have different metabolic rates. Muscle needs more energy than fatty tissue so muscular people have a higher metabolic rate. Men have a higher rate than women. If you are more active or have a more active job the amount of energy required varies.. Slimming method AdvantagesDisadvantages Weightwatchers Slim fast shakes Rosemary Connelly diet and exercise class Atkins diet Easy to follow Convienient Promotes healthy eating and exercise Cheap and effective Counting points May get boring and no be as filling Expensive Does not promote a balanced or healthy diet What must a person do to stay healthy? Eat a balanced diet and take regular exercise BMI = mass in kg (height in m) 2 Underweight <18 Normal 19-24 Overweight 25 - 29 Obese >30 How does a person lose mass? Eat less fat or carbohydrate so you take in less energy and/or do more exercise so that you are using more energy Name a source of: Saturated fat: Meat, dairy, eggs Unsaturated fat: olive oil, peanuts, corn oil, sunflower oil, oily fish, margarine

3. What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from? Explain how the following make you ill: Bacteria Viruses How can the following drugs be used to treat disease? Painkillers Antibiotics Explain how vaccination works: Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease. What is a pathogen? Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to modern medicine. Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill viruses? Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem? How can we reduce this problem? How does the body prevent pathogens from entering? Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria. What is a mutation? Why is mutation in pathogens problematic? What is a sterile culture. Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile.. List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out aseptic technique to grow a sterile culture (H pg 18) 1. 2. 3. 4. What temperature should we incubate cultures at in school and why? How does this compare to industry?

4. What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from? Measles Mumps Rubella Explain how the following make you ill: Bacteria Reproduce rapidly and produce toxins Viruses reproduce inside e cells and damage them How can the following drugs be used to treat disease? Painkillers relieve symptoms (don’t kill pathogen) Antibiotics Kill bacteria Explain how vaccination works: Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen injected Stimulates memory cells to form Next time pathogen enters body white blood cells make antibodies faster and in greater numbers Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease. Ingest pathogens (phagocytosis) Produce antibodies – destroy specific bacteria or viruses Produce antitoxins – neutralise toxins released by pathogens What is a pathogen? Microoganism that causes disease. Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to modern medicine. Noted death rates on maternity wards much lower when midwives delivered compared to doctors - realised doctors were transferring disease from surgery Encouraged use of chloride of lime to wash hands and kill bacteria - Death rates drastically fell Shows importance of handwashing to prevent spread of infection Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill viruses? Viruses replicate inside human cells so the antibiotic can’t reach them or would kill the human cell. Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem? Selects for antibiotic resistant bacteria to survive. These are hard to treat. How can we reduce this problem? Do not use antibiotics for minor infections Reduce use in agriculture How does the body prevent pathogens from entering? Skin is a barrier. Platelets prevent microbe entering through cuts. Hairs and mucus capture microorganisms. Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria. Bacteria mutate by chance Bacteria with mutation not killed by antibiotic These cells can survive to reproduce And pass the gene for resistance to their offspring – population of resistant bacteria increases What is a mutation? Change in a gene Why is mutation in pathogens problematic? Creates new strains that people have no immunity to or are resistant to antibiotics What is a sterile culture. Culture of only one type of microorganism. Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile.. Other microbes would use up food resources Other microbes may produce dangerous toxins List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out aseptic technique to grow a sterile cuture 1. Sterilise petri dish and culture medium before use 2. Sterilise innoculating loop by passing through a flame 3. Tape lid to prevent contamination from air 4. Work near a flame What temperature should we incubate cultures at in school and why? How does this compare to industry? 25 o C – to prevent growth of human pathogens. Industry higher – faster growth rate.

5. Describe a simple reflex action 1. 2.2. 3. 4. 5. Internal condition Organs involved in controlling condition Water Ion content What do the receptor cells in the following organs respond to? Eyes: Ears: Tongue: Nose: Skin: Explain how plant hormones can be used as Weedkiller? Rooting hormones : Why do we control: Temperature? Blood glucose? What is a hormone? AdvantagesDisadvantages Contraceptive pill IVF What is the function of the human nervous system? How do oral contraceptives work? Problems with early ‘pills’: Advantages of progesterone only pills : HormoneSite of production function FSH LH Oestrogen Outline the key concepts behind IVF: Part of plant StimulusResponse Shoot Root Light Gravity Water Gravity How do auxins control growth of plant shoots in response to light or gravity?

6. Describe a simple reflex action 1. Named receptor detecst the stimulus 2.Electircal impulse travels along sensory neurone to central nervous system 3.Chemicals diffuse across a synapse to relay neurone 4. Chemicals diffuse across synapse to motor neurone 5. Impulse reaches effector which responds by contracting if it is a muscle or secreting a substance if it is a gland Internal condition Organs involved in controlling condition Water Ion content Lungs (breath); Skin (Sweat); Kidneys (urine) Skin (sweat) Kidneys (urine) What do the receptor cells in the following organs respond to? Eyes: light Ears: sound; changes in position Tongue: taste Nose: smell Skin: touch, temperature, pressure, pain Explain how plant hormones can be used as Weedkiller? Give lots of auxin: plant grows out of control Rooting hormones Give a little auxin – stimulates roots Why do we control: Temperature? So enzymes can work efficiently Blood glucose? To maintain a constant supply of energy What is a hormone? Chemical substance secreted by a gland Transported in the blood to a target cell or organ where it controls body functions AdvantagesDisadvantages Contraceptive pill IVF 99% effective Easy to take Allow people to have children Uses own sperm and eggs Side effects Can forget Multiple births Expensive Painful Low success rate What is the function of the human nervous system? To detect changes in the environment To co-ordinate and control responses How do oral contraceptives work? They contain oestrogen to stop production of FSH and progesterone to maintain uterus liningProblems with early ‘pills’: High dose or oestrogen =side effects Progesterone only pills : less side effects but less effective HormoneSite of production function FSH LH Oestrogen Pituitary Ovaries Maturation of egg; Release of oestrogen Ovulation Inhibits production of FSH Outline the key concepts behind IVF: Mother given FSH to stimulate several eggs to mature and LH to stimulate eggs to be released Eggs collected from mother and fertilised by father’s sperm in a petri dish Embryo implanted into womb Part of plant Stimulu s Response Shoot Root Light Gravity Water Gravity Positive phototropism Negative geotropism Positive hydrotropism Positive geotropism How do auxins control growth of plant shoots in response to light or gravity? Stimulus causes auxin to distribute unevenly - build up on side away from light / nearest gravity Side with more auxin grows more Plant bends

7. QWC: 6 Mark questions In these questions you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Q1: An adult male wishes to start a more healthy lifestyle. Describe how he could become healthier. Give reasons for the steps you describe....................................................................................................................................................................................... Q2: Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of being vaccinated against a particular disease....................................................................................................................................................................................... Q3 Evaluate the use of plant hormones as weedkillers and to encourage the rooting of plant cuttings.......................................................................................................................................................................................

8. Diet Programmes Rosemary Conley The "Amazing Inch Loss Plan" is Rosemary Conley's low fat, calorie controlled diet and exercise plan. If you attend a Rosemary Conley class you don't just get a weigh-in and an informative talk, you also get a 45 minute workout. The diet is for all shapes and sizes and, although it's predominantly followed by women, Rosemary Conley says they also have many men attending. Atkins Diet Drastically restricting carbohydrates c causes the body to go into a state of ketosis, which means it burns its own fat for fuel. When the body is in ketosis, you tend to feel less hungry, and thus you're likely to eat less than you might otherwise. However, ketosis can also cause a variety of unpleasant effects (such as unusual breath odor and constipation) in a small number of people.constipation Your body changes from a carbohydrate-burning engine into a fat-burning engine. The result: weight loss.

9. Diet Programmes Weight Watcher´s regular meetings monitoring and encouragement, The dieter aims for a target weight or BMI (body mass index) of between 20 and 25BMI Food is given points and dieter has an allowance of point per day and per week. Exercise is encourage and you can gain further points for doing exercise Slim Fast 3 Snacks Pick 3 nourishing snacks a day— Slim-Fast ® 100-calorie Snack Bars, Snack Bites, nuts, fruits and/or veggies. 2 Shakes Or Meal Bars Choose 2 Slim-Fast ® Shakes or Meal Bars. Giving breakfast a break, leaving lunch behind or simplifying dinner is easier when you replace a meal with your choice of Slim-Fast ® Shakes 1 Balanced Meal Enjoy 1 balanced meal per day. 500-calorie recipes specifically designed by our test kitchens for delicious meals you can enjoy at home.