2. Chapter 7 will be discussing the causes and the effects of the Great Migration. It will further discuss how a desire for greater democracy changed British North America.

3. Poverty in Britain pg. 201 a) Loss of employment during the Industrial Revolution b) Ending of the Napoleonic Wars led to even more unemployment c) Famine in Ireland forced people to leave Opportunity in the Colonies pg. 202 a) Better economy in the colonies b) Greater opportunities for people c) Reinforce the British character of the colonies

4. TermDefinition Demographic Change A change in the characteristics of a population. Unemployment Having no work. Famine A shortage of food leading to starvation for many people.

5. 1) More land was needed for farms 2) More British people

6. Using the graph on page 203, describe the demographic change that took place between 1840 and 1850. ( 1 sentence) During this time, those of British ancestry become a larger group than those of French ancestry.

7. 1. 2. A. B. C. 3

8. Key Words Cholera: a contagious disease that causes intestinal problems and dehydration Quarantine: a place where people with a contagious disease are required to stay in an effort to keep the disease from spreading.

9. Immigrants seeking to start a better life in Canada faced unimaginable hardships such as starvation and disease like cholera on their journey to Canada on what became known as coffin ships.

10. Who: British immigrants What: The horrible conditions on immigrant ships (coffin ships) When: 1832 (During the Great Migration) Where: Ships departing Britain landing in Canada at Grosse Ile. Why: Overwhelming demand and greed by ship captains How: Ships are packed to overcrowding conditions where passengers face unsanitary conditions and facing disease and possible starvation.

11. Canadian immigrants during the Great Migration had to survive their journey on “Coffin Ships” from Britain. They faced rough seas, overcrowded conditions, disease, starvation and death. One disease, Cholera, resulted in passengers having to be quarantined at Grosse Ile before gaining entry into Canada. Some believed this disease was spread on purpose to kill Canadiens; others chose to adopt the children of those who perished because of the journey.

12. 1. How do you think the following expression relates to Great Migration, the journey is only half the battle? Explain. 2. If people were willing to take this perilous journey to Canada in order to emigrate, what does this imply about the living conditions in Great Britain? Explain 3. How do you think the following expression relates to Great Migration, the journey is only half the battle? Explain. 4. If people were willing to take this perilous journey to Canada in order to emigrate, what does this imply about the living conditions in Great Britain? Explain

14. Before Reading – Background Knowledge What do you recall about Representative Democracy? In a representative government, citizens elect people or representatives to an assembly that is supposed to speak for them. In a representative democracy, the assembly can only advise the real decision makers: ex. the British-appointed governors and legislative councils. What do you remember about how democracy works in Canada today from your grade 6 social studies? Citizens vote for a Member of Parliament (MP) to represent their riding in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister and his/her cabinet are then selected from the political party with the most MPs. Laws are voted on by the MPs in the House of Commons.

15. What Did the Reformers Want? Page 207 Key Concept: What is a reformer? A person that fights for (advocates) change in a society’s organization and rules (laws).

16. Colonial Government in British North America SimilaritiesDemocratic Government in British North America Governor gave direction to the council. Council is appointed by the governor Council would advise the governor Assembly advises the council Governor of colony appointed by Britain. Council responsible for colony’s local affairs. Assembly elected by male property owners or widows Governor could not appoint or overrule the council Council made up by members of the assembly Council made the legislation Assembly elected the members of the council

17. Who Had Power in British North America? Who Has Power in a Democracy? The most powerful positions in the Colonial government were the British appointed governor and his appointed council. With considerably less power was the voter elected assembly that could only advise the council. In the democracy advocated by reformers the power resides in the voters. Voters would have the opportunity to elect individuals to the assembly from which the council would be chosen. As the councils would have total control of local affairs decisions, unpopular governance of the colony would lead to electoral changes in the council’s make-up.

18. Based on what you’ve discovered in this section, explain what the authors of the text meant when they stated, “In some ways, the reformers who sought to change the government of British North America wanted Britain to treat them like adults.” In many families, parents often make the decisions affecting their children often without taking their children’s opinion into consideration. The reformers wanted complete authority to make the decisions that affected their own lives; the kind of power that is given to adults in our society not children. Why do you think reformers thought a change of democracy was so necessary? As the power in a colonial government rested in the governor and the appointed council, members in the assembly were likely feeling ignored leading to frustration. This might be similar to teens being told they can’t hang-out with their friends because your parents don’t like them.

19. Answer 1 of the following: Near the end of the reading on page 209, the authors state, “Some reformers advocated (argued for) changing the power structure of government while maintaining ties to Britain. Some advocated ending British rule altogether and establishing a republic like the United States.” Based on your understanding of North American history, how do you think the British would react if Canada decided it wanted to set up a republic like the United States? Support your answer with historical reference. If Canada tried to set up a republic like the United States, it is reasonable to assume that the British would react in a similar way as it did when the U.S. declared its independence. That is, the British would have gone to war against those living in British North America. On pages 210 and 211, John Stuart Mill was worried about the tyranny of the majority developing in a democracy. How would you describe this concept of “tyranny of the majority”? A “tyranny of the majority” happens when the majority gets to do whatever it wants and the minority has to live with it even if they don’t agree with it.

20. The Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 pages 212 through to 221

21. . With the emergence of the Chateau Clique, a group of wealthy English Protestant merchants, they gain control the council through the British governor appointments.. Drawing most their support from the Canadiens, the Parti Canadien later the Parti patriote control the majority of seats in the elected assembly.. In 1837, Canadiens faced starvation as four consecutive years of crop failure plagued the region.. In 1832, a cholera epidemic breaks out as result of British immigration angering the Canadiens who felt the British should of halted emigration. Altercations between Canadien voters and English-speaking voters often occurred during elections. In one instance, 3 Canadien voters were killed by British troops.

22. . The Family Compact, a group of wealthy English Canadian families, controls the council thanks to the British governor’s appointments.. The Reform Party gains control of the elected assembly with the support of newly landed American immigrants seeking good farm land.. In 1836, the governor ensures the party he favors wins the majority of seats in the elected assembly.. In 1837, crop failures also plague Upper Canada.

23. Compare? In both Upper and Lower Canada, the councils were controlled by wealthy English businessmen. In both areas, populations were facing starvation due to crop failures. Also both elected assemblies overwhelmingly opposed their appointed councils and sought more democratic governments. Prejudice was present in both Upper and Lower Canada. In Lower Canada, the power resided in the English-speaking minority of the colony that made decisions often ignoring the assembly’s wants. In Upper Canada, decisions were made that benefitted those of Loyalist background over the recent American immigrant. Contrast?

24. Louis-Joseph Papineau, Lower Canada William Lyon Mackenzie Upper Canada Joseph Howe Nova Scotia

25. Similar? All three reformers were seeking a more democratic form of government because the councils failed to address the concerns of the majority of the citizens within the colony. They differed as to what motivated their dissatisfaction. In Lower Canada, the Chateau Clique was thought to be prejudice and dismissive of the Canadiens. In Upper Canada, those descended from Loyalists received more favorable treatment than newly landed American immigrants. In Nova Scotia, the issue seems to be about seeking those democratic rights given freely to people in England. Different

26. Based on what you discovered, what are the reasons why people in Lower Canada are considering open rebellion against the Colonial government? They wanted a democracy where the majority ruled. They believed they were being treated unjustly. “Canadien farms and families had suffered years of poor harvests, but the government did not help them.” They were upset that the British government allowed immigrants to carry disease into the colony.

27. Armed rebellion should only be used after all other non-violent ways were used such as boycotts. Once you raise up arms against a government, it is incumbent on them to the end the violent threat with their own force. In this case, you cannot guarantee your demands will be heard any clearer than with non-violent methods of protests.

28. Main Idea of the Article (Point) The Reformers failed in their attempt to force the British government into greater democratic changes.

29. Who – The Patriotes and Colonel Wetherall’s troops; Colonel Gore; William Lyon Mackenzie What – The Patriotes fought and lost to Colonel Wetherall’s troops; In the Patriotes first battle with British troops, led by Colonel Gore, the Patriotes were successful at holding them off. Mackenzie leads an unsuccessful attack on the colonial government of Upper Canada. When – Sunday, November 26, 1837; Thursday, November 23, 1837; Saturday, December 9, 1837 Where – Saint-Charles-Sur-Richelieu, Lower Canada; Saint-Denis, Lower Canada; York, Upper Canada Why – To force the British government into a more responsible for of democracy. How – With the government forces occupied in Lower Canada, the time seemed right for an attack on the colonial government in Upper Canada. The British used 350 troops compared the Patriotes 100 and decisively ended the insurrection. Mackenzie’s troops scattered in confusion when fired upon by the 1000 British loyal volunteers.