1. Craving cause of suffering (Second Noble Truth) Literally means ‘thirst’ From craving springs grief From craving springs fear Leads to repeated births (rebirths=ponobhavika) Craving for sensual pleasures (kamatanha) Craving for existence (Bhavatanha) Craving for non-existence (vibhavatanha)

2. Craving 2 Complete separation from, destruction of, craving Transcend material pleasures → greater bliss Forsake craving, renunuciation, non- attachment →liberation

3. Kinds of craving Three kinds: 1.Attachment to sensual pleasures (kamatanha) – grossest form of craving 2.Attachment to existence (bhavatabha) Attachment to realms of form 3.Attachment to non-existence (vibhavatabha) Attachment to formless realms (ruparaga & aruparaga are treated as 2 fetters) 2 & 3 are attachment to sensual pleasures connected with belief of eternalism & nihilism

4. Craving Powerful mental force latent in all Chief cause of most ills of life Gross or subtle → repeated births Makes one cling to all forms of life Grossest forms are attenuated on attainment of sakadagami (2 nd stage of sainthood); Grossest forms are eradicated on attainment of anagami (3 rd stage of sainthood) Subtle forms are eradicated on attainment of arahantship

5. Craving & Four Noble Truths Right understanding of First Noble Truth →eradication of craving Second Noble Truth –deals with mental attitude of ordinary man towards external objects of sense Third Noble Truth – complete cessation of suffering (Nibbana) –ultimate goal of Buddhists –achieved in this life by total eradication of craving

6. Consequences of craving Grief Fear Repeated rebirths