1. Fossil Fuels

2. Intro United States uses 86% of fossil fuels for its energy needs, 2/3 for electricity & almost all for transportation. Oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale and tar sand. Fossil fuels are not the remains of dinosaurs Main components are hydrogen and carbon, thus hydrocarbons

3. Carbon Cycle

5. Combustion of Fossil Fuels Fuel + Oxidizer  Product + Heat

6. CO2O2 + = CO 2

7. Petroleum (nicknamed black gold) Latin roots, petra=rock oleum=oil, thus rock oil Found beneath the earth’s surface under high pressures and temperatures. Main ingredient in much of the plastics, waxes, medicines, cosmetics, solvents, lubricants, feedstock, and other petrochemical products

9. Brief history of Oil Mesopotamians used it as a sealant Egyptians used it as a lubricant Romans used it to light their arrows Persians used it for lighting, heating and other purposes First commercial oil well in the U.S. was built by Edwin L Drake in 1859 In 1864 Rockefeller bought his first oil refinery By 1879 Rockefeller monopolized the petroleum industry by controlling oil extraction, transportation, research, marketing and the manufacturing of barrels.

10. Techniques in Finding Oil The gravimetric method- relies in variations in density. The seismic method- measures changes in density by measuring sound waves.

11. Enhanced Oil Recovery secondary tertiary

13. Coal 40% of U.S. total energy needs Cheap Plentiful Easy to transport Easy to store Easily burned

14. Lignite or brown coal Age 60 million years Carbon content 25-35% Sub-bituminous & Bituminous Or soft coal Age 100-300 million years Carbon content 35-85% Anthracite or hard coal Age 350 million years Carbon content 85-95%

16. Hazards Cave-ins Explosions from dust buildup Carbon monoxide poisoning Insufficient ventilation

17. Environmental Hazards Destruction of fertile surface-soil Permanent changes in the landscape Possible acidic or alkaline drainage to the surface Dirtiest of all fossil fuels

18. Oil Shale Tar Sands Rock containing Kerogen 400-500 °C & steam to hydrogenate Sand containing bitumen Steam to hydrogenate Two tons of tar sand or shale oil to make one barrel of oil Too expensive Environmentally unfit