1. Independence for Texas 1. Began in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. The United States claimed that some of Texas was included within the purchase, but Mexico protested. a. Adams-Onis Treaty. - 1819: The United States drops all claims to Texas Territory. 2. Mexico Promoting Growth in Texas a. Empresario: People from Mexico who are promoting growth of Texas and gives large land grants to families who settle here. b. Tejanos: 3,000 Mexican citizens that claimed Texas as their home. - Stephen Austin leads the “old 300” to Texas to settle among the Tejanos. Who did the U.S. buy this territory from? What are all the states in green?

2. 3. Trouble with the United States: a. Mexico’s Government - Mexico cuts off immigration from the United States in 1830. - They also discouraged trade with the U.S. using high tax on imports. b. 1833 General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna becomes President. - Santa Anna disregards Mexico’s constitution. - Throws Stephen Austin in jail for advising plans for independence begin. Independence for Texas What kind of leader was Santa Anna? One that rules with absolute power.

3. 4. “Texan Revolution”: a. 1835 - Gonzalez: First fight of the Texan Revolution ( Texans win) b. 1836 - San Antonio (Texans win) c. 1836 – Battle of the Alamo (Mexico Wins) - General Santa Anna’s Aide says of the battle “The Texans fought more like devils than like men.” - Davy Crockett: Famous Tennessee frontier’s men and politician. Killed at the Alamo. Who won the Battle at the Alamo? Independence for Texas Flag on the cannon during the battle of Gonzalez reading “come and take it”.

4. Independence for Texas 5. Texas Declares Independence: a. March 2 nd 1836: Texas Declares its Independence from Mexico. b. Independent Texas names Sam Houston commander and chief of the Texas forces. c. Goliad Massacre: Several Hundred Texans surrender to Santa Anna’s troops and were executed. d. Battle of San Jacinto: - Huge Texan victory. Texans kill 600 Mexican troops; capture 700 more including General Santa Anna. - General Santa Anna signs treaty that recognizes Texas as independent territory. Who did Mexico win its independence from in 1821 ?

5. Independence for Texas 6. Annexing Texas: a. Elected President of Texas, Sam Houston asked President Andrew Jackson, of the United States, to annex Texas. - He refuses because it would upset the balance of slave to Free states in the Union. b. President John Tyler said yes to annex Texas but the Senate stopped this. c. Idea of Manifest Destiny, or the god given right of the United States to expand their lands from the East to the West was a widely accepted idea in 1840’s. d. James K Polk wins presidency, and in 1845 Polk annexes Texas. Would Texas have been a free or a slave state?

6. War with Mexico 1. California Culture a. Large Spanish Mission systems. - Missionaries work to convert Native Americans to Christianity. There are 20,000 Native Americans living in 21 missions. - 1833: Missions abolished by Mexican Government. b. Mexican settlers bought the lands the missions had been on and turned them into Ranchos (large properties for raising food and cattle). - Ranchero’s, or owners of the Ranchos, used Native Americans as “slave labor”. c. Mexican authorities welcomed Mountain Men or fur traders from Oregon (Jedediah Smith). - John C. Fremont: Army officer writes of California as mild climate and abundant resources. What religion did Santa Anna claim Mexico was trying to save from the Americans?

7. War with Mexico 2. War with Mexico a. President Polk believes in Manifest Destiny. He believes California and New Mexico are ours. - Owning the Pacific coast - Polk manipulates Mexico into making the first militaristic move by using the contested border between the United States and Mexico. - Mexico believes the border is Nueces River, United States believes it is the Rio Grande. b. Opposition to War with Mexico - Northerners like Abraham Lincoln and Fredrick Douglas opposed war. They were afraid this expansion would carry slavery into these new territories. Whig party also opposed it. Why was it important to President Polk for the United States to control the Pacific Coast?

8. War with Mexico c. President Polk’s War Plan - 1. Capture the border (Rio Grande), General Stephen Watts Kearny - 2. Take New Mexico and California, General Zachary Taylor - 3. Lastly, take Mexico City. General Winfield Scott d. Taking California - John C Fremont: declared he would conquer California. This upset the Californios, or Mexicans living in California, who thought this was an attempt to forcibly seize their land. - President Polk ends the war in 1848. What battle was General Santa Anna’s Aide speaking of when he said “The Texans fought more like devils than men”?

9. War with Mexico 3. Losses: a. United States= 1,721 men died in battle 11,000 men died from disease. 100 million dollars. b. Mexico= Lost half of its territory. 4. Peace Treaties and the End of the Mexican War a. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)= gave up all claims to Texas and agreed the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico. - Mexico cedes California and New Mexico to the U.S. in return for 15 million dollars. b. Gadsden Purchase: 1853 - U.S. pays Mexico an additional $10 million for the land along the southern edge of Arizona and New Mexico. - With this purchase the United States reaches its present size. What were all of the states involved in the Treaty of Guadalupe? California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming

10. MORE REVIEW QUESTIONS What Countries had claim to Oregon Territory? Who are vigilantes and what do they do? What does Joint Occupation mean? The one time a year that the mountain men get together to trade is called what ? What was the slogan “54, 40 or fight” about? Salt Lake City Utah and the Desert was home to whom? Who was Brigham Young the second leader of? Who made the most money during the Gold Rush? In what decade did the California Gold Rush take place? (i.e. 20’s, 80’s, etc.) U.S., G.B, Russia, Spain Possession of an area settled by 2 or more parties Mormons Merchants Concerned citizens who take the law into their own hands. The Mormons Border between U.S. and Canada. The 1840’sRendezvous

11. … So … Is manifest destiny complete ????