1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College C H A P T E R 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues P A R T A

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skeletal System Components of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Function of Bones  Support – form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs  Protection – provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs  Movement – provide levers for muscles  Mineral storage – reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus  Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones - location  Axial skeleton – bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage  Appendicular skeleton – bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones: By Shape  Long bones – longer than they are wide (e.g., humerus) Figure 6.2a

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones: By Shape  Short bones  Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle  Bones that form within tendons (e.g., patella) Figure 6.2b

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones: By Shape  Flat bones – thin, flattened, and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, and most skull bones) Figure 6.2c

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones: By Shape  Irregular bones – bones with complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and hip bones) Figure 6.2d

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Markings Table 6.1

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy of Bones: Bone Textures  Compact bone – dense outer layer  Spongy bone – honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone  Haversian system, or osteon – the structural unit of compact bone  Lamella – weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen  Haversian, or central canal – central channel containing blood vessels and nerves  Osteocytes – mature bone cells  Lacunae – small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes  Canaliculi – hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central cana

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone Figure 6.6c

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Structure of Bone: spongy Bone

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diaphysis Shaft Made of compact bone Epiphysis Expanded ends of long bones Covered with dense bone Internal structure is spongy bone

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Articular cartilage Covers surface of epiphyses Hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medullary cavity Cavity in shaft Contains yellow marrow in adults Contains red marrow in infants

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Membranes  Periosteum – double-layered protective membrane  Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue  Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts  Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina  Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers  Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of Long Bone Figure 6.3c

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones  Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploë) on the inside  Have no diaphysis or epiphyses  Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow)  In infants  Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone  In adults  Found in the diploë of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus