1. Honey-suckers Sanitation systems without pipes The informal sector at work

2. Partially based on a research Sludge Reuse from Mega-Cities – A Southern India Case Elisabeth Kvarnström, Vectura Consulting, Inc. Joep Verhagen, IRC Mats Nilsson, MN Context Vishwanath Srikantaiah, Biome (responsible for this slide show) Karan Singh, Biome Shubha Ramachandran, Biome

3. Bangalore – Population 9 million

4. India Sanitation (Census 2011) Septic Tanks (million) Urban 30.09 Rural 24.67 Total 54.76 Pit toilets (million) Urban 55.97 Rural 17.68 Total 73.65 Grand Total 128.41

5. Septic tanks and Pit Latrines Another 113 million rural households and 14 million urban households will build toilets and mostly pit toilets in the future This represents a massive sludge management challenge

6. Bangalore city sanitation (Census 2011) Septic Tanks 169,406 Total 494,241 Pit toilets 325,175

7. Current Drivers of Sanitation The employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act 1993 Karnataka has adopted this Act in 1997 All toilets should have a water seal of at least 20cm. No removal of human waste by human hands 208,323 + 586,087 = 794,410 engaged in the practise

8. The city utilities response Only 400 MLD out of 1000 MLD sewage generated is collected Of the 400 MLD collected only around 180 MLD is treated Sanitation is subsidized. People pay Rs 15 a month as sewage charges. The externality is pollution of rivers

9. Foam rivers Untreated sewage primary cause

10. From untreated sewage

11. The informal sector in urban sanitation

12. Pre-cast concrete rings

13. In informal vacant sites

14. Pit toilet connected to WC

15. The user interface remains conventional

16. Pit toilets are common in the urban periphery

17. The Honeysucker vacum sucks a pit toilet

18. Mechanization eliminates manual scavenging

19. Trucks are now indigenously developed

20. They have a water jetting and vacum sucking pump (upto 30 H.P.)

21. Assembling a honey-sucker

22. The barrels – informal sector body building works

23. All over the country – Mobile Technology

24. Mobile technology

25. We estimate nearly 300 honey-suckers in Bangalore

26. Protocol for safe disposal needs to be evolved

27. The sewage is nutrient rich but also pathogenic

28. Cost to building Rs 1200/ to Rs 3000/

29. Soil as a nutrient recipient rather than water

30. In many apartments a daily visit

31. In the most expensive of buildings

32. Behind the bushes

33. BWSSB (Guidelines for discharging domestic waste water from soak pits/ mobile toilets into Board Sewers in the premises of BWSSB STP) Non refundable deposit amount equivalent to 6 months as indicated by the applicant at the rate of Rs 50/kl Rs 50/kl charge per month Domestic wastewater which will be disposed to the Board sewer in the premises of STP shall comply for BWSSB standards fixed for discharging trade effluent Till now 75 permits have been issued for 1mld. ( Contrast with 494,221 households having septic tanks or pit toilets.)

34. The informal sectors response

35. The composting ( ? ) pit

36. Diluted grey-water

37. Compost sells for Rs 2500/- to Rs 3500/- a tractor load (4 cu mt)

38. Compost sample being collected for testing

39. Fertilizer value of sewage sludge Kind of NutrientAverage nutrient content in 1000 kg of sewage sludge (10% TS) grams 1000 kg of farm yard manure grams N5.517.5 P2O5P2O5 K2OK2O0.7565 S (Total)12.525 MgO3015 Cu (Total)1.20.03 Zn (Total)1.50.15 Mn (Total)0.60.4 Mo (Total)0.010.001 B (Total)0.030.035 Source: Ludwig Sasse, BORDA, 1998, DEWATS Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries

40. The city moves in

41. Application on banana

42. The crop

43. The fruits

44. The soil – alive with alive with earthworms and ants

45. Humanure for Arecanut

46. The Economics For the truck A Honeysucker costs Rs 800,000 /- Charges Rs 1500 / per trip Can do 5 trips in a day Income Rs 7500 a day Rs 225,000 a month Income in a year Rs 2.7 million Expenditure for O and M - Rs 400,000 Simple Return on Investment 6 months One truck can service a population of 20,000 assuming a 2 year pit emptying cycle

47. The Economics for the household Rs 1500 / every 2 years Rs 60 / a month approx Rs 15 a month if you are connected to the sewage

48. The Economics for a farmer Free compost On labour - expenditure Rs 5000 / Savings per acre Rs 20,000 to Rs 50,000 /- on manure alone (10 to 25 tractor load per acre per year )

49. Land required to absorb nutrients 250 tanker loads per Hectare 2500 peoples nutrients can be absorbed by 1 Hectare of land 50000 population town needs 20 Hectares of land 100,000 - 40 Ha. 1 Million 400 Hectares

50. Way forward… Better understanding, from a business and sanitation perspective, of existing practices around the country Embedding of current practices as an officially accepted option to sanitation service delivery for all urban dwellers

51. Way forward Developing a protocol for the inclusion of non- sewerage based or on-plot sanitation systems in India Developing a protocol and a legal frame-work for handling, transportation, composting and application of nutrients from septage and on-plot systems Research on understanding nutrient – pathogens and safe application for nutrient reuse

52. Way forward Civic authorities to incorporate sewage disposal systems in building plan approvals Land use plans to earmark space for solid and liquid waste composting. Separate systems for toilets and grey-water Understanding the pit / groundwater interface and designing systems for non-pollution.

53. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and grey water Cost-effective strategies for controlling negative health impacts Treatment of wastewater, excreta and greywater is used to prevent the contaminants from entering the environment. Crop/produce restriction is used to minimize health risks to product consumers. Waste application techniques (e.g. drip irrigation) and withholding periods aim to reduce contamination of the products or allow sufficient time for pathogen dieoff in the environment prior to harvest. Exposure control methods (e.g. protective equipment, good hygiene) will prevent environmental contamination from reaching exposed groups. Produce washing/rinsing/disinfection and cooking reduce exposures for product consumers. Vector control reduces exposures for workers and local communities. Chemotherapy and immunization can either prevent illness for those who are exposed or treat those who are ill and thus reduce future pathogen inputs into the wastewater, excreta or greywater. Source: WHO 2006

54. Thank you! zenrainman@gmail.com