1. Chapter 23 The Transformation of Europe 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) attacks Roman Catholic church practices, 1517  Indulgences: preferential pardons for charitable donors Writes Ninety-Five Theses, rapidly reproduced with new printing technology Excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1520 1520s-1530s dissent spread throughout Germany and Switzerland 2 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3. Martin Luther ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

4. 95 Theses ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

5. Roots of Reform Church’s political involvement, wealth, power foster greed and corruption Church faces criticism  Demand for more personal involvement with the divine  Translations of Bible into vernacular  End of priestly authority, especially the pope Return to biblical text for authority Support for reform spreads throughout Germany 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Reform Outside Germany England: King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) has conflict with pope over requested divorce  England forms its own church by 1560 France: John Calvin (1509-1564) codifies Protestant teachings while in exile in Geneva 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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8. The Catholic Reformation Roman Catholic church reacts  Refining doctrine, missionary activities to Protestants, attempt to renew spiritual activity Council of Trent (1545-1563), periodic meetings to discuss reform Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)  Rigorous religious and secular education  Became effective advisors and missionaries worldwide 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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10. Witch Hunts Theories and fears of witches intensified in the sixteenth century Sixteenth to seventeenth centuries approximately 110,000 people put on trial; 45,000 put to death  Vast majority females, usually single, widowed  Held accountable for crop failures, miscarriages, etc. New England: 234 witches tried, 36 hanged 10 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Religious Wars 1588 Philip II of Spain attacks England to force return to Catholicism  English destroy Spanish ships by sending flaming unmanned ships into the fleet 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Defeat of the Spanish Armada ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

13. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), the most destructive European war up to WWI  Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually involved most of Europe  Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states): lost one-third population 13 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. The Consolidation of Sovereign States Charles V (reigned 1519-1556), attempts to revive Holy Roman Empire as strong center of Europe  Unable to establish a unified state  Pressures from France and Ottomans halted expansion of the empire ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

15. Sixteenth-Century Europe ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

16. The New Monarchs Enhanced state treasuries by direct taxes, fines, and fees  Italy well-developed as economic power through trade, manufacturing, finance  State power enlarged and more centralized  Standing armies in France and Spain  Reformation increased royal power and gave access to wealth of the Church 16 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17. The Spanish Inquisition The Spanish Inquisition, Catholic court of inquiry  Founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478  Intended to discover secret Muslims and Jews  Used by Spanish monarchy to detect Protestant heresy and political dissidents  Imprisonment, executions 17 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. Constitutional States English civil war, 1642- 1649  Begins with opposition to royal taxes  King Charles I and parliamentary armies clash  King loses, is beheaded in 1649 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

19. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

20. The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) Monarchy restored in 1660, fighting resumes Resolution with bloodless coup called Glorious Revolution King James II deposed, daughter Mary and husband William of Orange take throne  Shared governance between crown and parliament  Creates English Bill of Rights 20 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. Absolute Monarchies Based on the theory of divine right of kings The Sun King of France, Louis XIV (reigned 1643- 1715)  Model of royal absolutism: the court at Versailles  Large standing army kept order  Power centered in court, important nobles pressured to maintain presence 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22. Louis XIV ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22

23. Palace of Versailles ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

24. Palace of Versailles ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

25. Absolutism in Russia Peter I (“the Great,” r. 1682-1725)  Worked to modernize Russia on western European model  Developed modern Russian army, reformed Russian government bureaucracy, demanded changes in fashion: beards forbidden  Built new capital at St. Petersburg Catherine II (“the Great,” r. 1762-1796) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

26. Peter the Great ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26

27. The European States System Peace of Westphalia (1648) after Thirty Years’ War European states to be recognized as sovereign and equal Warfare continues: opposition to French expansion, Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) Innovations in military technology proceed rapidly  New armaments (cannons and small arms) and new military tactics  Other empires--China, India, and the Islamic states--did not keep apace ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

28. Europe After the Peace of Westphalia, 1648 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28

29. Population Growth and Urbanization Rapidly growing population due to Columbian exchange  Potato replaces bread as staple of diet  Better nutrition reduces susceptibility to plague  Epidemic disease becomes insignificant for overall population decline by mid-seventeenth century 29 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

30. Population Growth in Europe 30 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

31. Urbanization 31 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

32. Nature of Capitalism  Private parties sought to take advantage of free market conditions  Economic decisions by private parties, not by governments or nobility  Forces of supply and demand determined price Supply and demand  Merchants built efficient transportation and communication networks  New institutions and services: banks, insurance, stock exchanges ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32

33. Capitalism and Morality Adam Smith (1723-1790) argued that capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole But major social change increases poverty in some sectors and see a rise in crime 33 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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35. The Copernican Universe Reconception of the Universe  Reliance on second-century Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria  Motionless earth inside nine concentric spheres  Difficulty reconciling model with observed planetary movement 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus breaks theory  Nicolaus Copernicus suggested that the sun was the center of the universe, 1543  Implied that the earth was just another planet 35 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

36. The Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)  With a telescope, Galileo saw sunspots, moons of Jupiter, mountains of the moon  Galileo's theory of velocity of falling bodies anticipated the modern law of inertia Isaac Newton (1642-1727)  Offered mathematical explanations of laws that govern movements of bodies  Newton's work symbolized the scientific revolution--direct observation and mathematical reasoning Rigorous challenge to church doctrines 36 zReserved.

37. Galileo on Trial ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37

38. The Enlightenment Enlightenment thinkers sought natural laws that governed human society in the same way that Newton's laws governed the universe John Locke (England, 1632-1704), Baron de Montesquieu (France, 1689-1755) attempt to discover natural laws of politics  governments were created to protect the people emphasizing the importance of individual rights Voltaire (1694-1778), caustic attacks on Roman Catholic church: écrasez l’infame, “crush the damned thing”  Deism increasingly popular 38 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

39. Impact of Enlightenment Weakened the influence of organized religion Encouraged secular values based on reason rather than revelation Subjected society to rational analysis, promoted progress and prosperity 39 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

40. 95 Theses http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0wls0& feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0wls0& feature=related ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 40