1. College of Engineering Discovery with Purpose www.engineering.iastate.edu January 24, 2011 Introduction to Wind Energy James McCalley (jdm@iastate.edu)jdm@iastate.edu Honors 322W, Wind Energy Honors Seminar

2. College of Engineering Overview Some preliminaries Background on Wind Energy in US Grand challenge questions 2

3. College of Engineering Some preliminaries Power: MW=1341HP. Energy: MWhr=3.413MMbtu (10 6 btu); 1btu=1055joules E=P×T Run 1.5 MW turbine at 1.5 MW for 2 hrs: 3 MWhrs. Run 1.5 MW turbine at 0.5 MW for 2 hrs: 1MWhrs 3 Power, PTime, TEnergy, ECapacity, P rated Time, t  Power, P(t) 1.5 MW If P varies with t: Capacity factor: A lawnmower engine is 3HP (2.2kW or 0.0022 MW). Typical car engine is 200 HP (150kw or 0.15MW). Typical home demands 1.2kW at any given moment, on avg. 1MW=10 6 watts  10 6 w/1200w=833 homes powered by a MW. Ames peak demand is about 126MW. The US has 1,121,000MW of power plant capacity. 1 gallon gasoline=0.0334MWhr; Typical home uses 11000kWhrs=11MWhrs in 1 year (about 1.2kW×8760hrs). 1 ton coal=6MWhrs. Actual annual energy production as a percentage of annual energy production at P rated

4. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US U.S. Annual & Cumulative Wind Power Capacity Growth Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 4 But what happened in 2010?

5. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US 2010 is different! Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report 5

6. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US Percentage of New Capacity Additions. Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 6 N. GAS WIND

7. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US US Generation mix Wind & renewables are 3.6% by energy. Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 7

8. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State 8 Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report 10 of top 14 are in the interior of the nation

9. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State 9 Source: AWEA 2011 First Quarter Market Report

10. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US 10 Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2010

11. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US Market share of total 2008 wind installations Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report 11

12. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US Ownership by company and by regulated utility Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report 12

13. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US Wind plant size Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report 13

14. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US 29 states, differing in % (10-40), timing (latest is 2030), eligible technologies/resources (all include wind) 14 State renewable portfolio standard State renewable portfolio goal Solar water heating eligible * † Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables Includes non-renewable alternative resources WA: 15% by 2020* CA: 33% by 2020 ☼ NV : 25% by 2025* ☼ AZ: 15% by 2025 ☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) 10% by 2020 (co-ops) HI: 40% by 2030 ☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement TX: 5,880 MW by 2015 UT: 20% by 2025* ☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) 10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)* MT: 15% by 2015 ND: 10% by 2015 SD: 10% by 2015 IA: 105 MW MN: 25% by 2025 (Xcel: 30% by 2020) ☼ MO: 15 % by 2021 WI : Varies by utility; 10% by 2015 goal MI: 10% + 1,100 MW by 2015* ☼ OH : 25% by 2025 † ME: 30% by 2000 New RE: 10% by 2017 ☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025 ☼ MA: 15% by 2020 + 1% annual increase (Class I Renewables) RI: 16% by 2020 CT: 23% by 2020 ☼ NY: 24% by 2013 ☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021 ☼ PA: 18% by 2020 † ☼ MD: 20% by 2022 ☼ DE: 20% by 2019* ☼ DC: 20% by 2020 VA: 15% by 2025* ☼ NC : 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs) 10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis) VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by 2012; (2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017 29 states & DC have an RPS 6 states have goals KS: 20% by 2020 ☼ OR : 25% by 2025 (large utilities )* 5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities) ☼ IL: 25% by 2025 WV: 25% by 2025* †

15. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US Tax incentives Federal Incentives: Renewed incentives Feb 2009 through 12/31/12, via ARRA 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour PTC or 30% investment tax credit (ITC) State incentives: IA: 1.5¢/kWhr for small wind, 1¢/kWhr for large wind Various other including sales & property tax reductions 15

16. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US Climate bill 16 Waxman-Markey Energy & Climate Bill (House, passed) Kerry-Graham Climate Bill (Senate) 2012 renewables target6% of electric energy renewable In separate bill (Bingaman) 2020 renewables target20% 2012 Emissions targetCuts by 3% (2005 baseline) 2013 Emissions targetCuts by 4.25% (2005 baseline) 2020 Emissions targetCuts by 17% (2005 baseline)Cuts by 20% (2005 baseline) 2030 Emissions targetCuts by 42% (2005 baseline)42% (2005 baseline) 2050 Emissions targetCuts by 83% (2005 baseline)83% (2005 baseline) Emissions reductions are “economy wide” but there was interest to focus on utilities first, and perhaps only.

17. College of Engineering Background on Wind Energy in US 17

18. College of Engineering Solar, 0.09 Nuclear, 8.45 Hydro, 2.45 Wind, 0.51 Geotherma l 0.35 Natural Gas 23.84 Coal 22.42 Biomass 3.88 Petroleum 37.13 26.33 8.58 27.39 20.9 Unused Energy (Losses) 57.07 Electric Generation 39.97 12.68 Used Energy 42.15 Residenti al 11.48 Commerci al 8.58 Industrial 23.94 Trans- portation 27.86 8.45 6.82 20.54 6.9 5 LightDuty: 17.12Q Freight: 7.55Q Aviation: 3.19Q 18

19. College of Engineering US ENERGY USE IS 68% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION US CO2 EMISSIONS* IS 60% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION GREENING ELECTRIC & ELECTRIFYING TRANSPORTATION SOLVES THE EMISSIONS PROBLEM 19 * Anthropogenic

20. College of Engineering Solar, 1.0 Nuclear, 15 Hydro, 2.95 Wind, 8.1 Geothermal 3.04 Natural Gas 23.84 Old Coal 10.42 Biomass 3.88 Petroleum 15.13 26.33 8.58 25.7 8.5 Unuse d Energy (Losse s) 43.0 Electric Generation 49.72 12.68 Used Energy 42.15 Residenti al 11.48 Commerci al 8.58 Industrial 23.94 Trans- portation 15.5 15 6.82 20.54 6.9 5 INCREASE Non-CO2 12Q to 30Q USE 11Q Electric for transportation 4.5Q 20 IGCC, 3 REDUCE COAL 21Q TO 12Q REDUCE PETROLEUM 37Q  15Q LightDuty: 8.56Q Freight: 3.75Q Aviation: 3.19Q 20

21. College of Engineering 21 Technolg y Forecasted NERC, 2018 Hi Eff&Renewable UCS (NEMS), 2030 Hi IGCC/CCS NAE, 2035 Hi Wind ISU, 2035 ∆GWOvernight cost Trillion $ ∆GWOvernight cost Trillion $ ∆GWOvernight cost Trillion $ ∆GWOvernight cost Trillion $ Con Solar 20.40.1022381.195-065.50.329 PV solar -01741.051-058.90.356 Nuclear 14.80.0494.40.0151000.33260.90.202 Wind onshore 2290.4406701.2883500.6736301.211 Wind offshore -0620.239-0800.307 Geothrml 0.4.00231.80.127-01060.424 Coal convntnl 190.039red0 0 0 IGCC+seq -070.0244001.40029.50.103 NGCC 1070.103-0-0-0 Biomass -01570.591-0-0 TOTALS 3890.73513444.5168502.40510312.930

22. College of Engineering Grand Challenge Question For Energy: What investments should be made, how much, when, and where, at the national level, over the next 40 years, to achieve a sustainable, low cost, and resilient energy & transportation system? 22

23. College of Engineering NUCLEAR GEOTHERMAL SOLAR Wind BIOMASS CLEAN-FOSSIL Where, when, how much of each, & how to interconnect?

24. College of Engineering Grand Challenges For Wind: 1.Move wind energy from where it is harvested to where it can be used 2.Develop economically- attractive methods to accommodate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid. 3.Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment and maintenance costs, increase operating revenues). 4.Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, aesthetics, and impact on agriculture. 24

25. College of Engineering How to address grand challenges 25 #1. Move wind energy from where it is harvested to where it can be used. Transmission National Superhighway at 765 kV AC and/or 600/800 kV DC Right of way: Rail, interstate highways, existing transmission Conductor technologies: overhead/underground, materials Bulk storage An energy capacity issue Pumped storage, compressed air, heat, other novel approaches A control and coordination problem

26. College of Engineering How to address grand challenges 26

27. College of Engineering How to address grand challenges 27 #2. Develop economically-attractive methods to accom- modate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid. Increase geodiversity Improve forecasting/handling uncertainty in dispatch Increase gas turbines Wind turbine control Load control Storage A power capacity issue Pumped storage, compressed air, batteries, flywheels A control and coordination problem

28. College of Engineering How to address grand challenges 28 #3. Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment and maintenance costs, increase operating revenues). Improve manufacturing and supply chain processes Improve monitoring/evaluation for health assessment/prediction/life-ext Decrease maintenance costs Enhance energy extraction from wind per unit land area Improved turbine siting Inter-turbine and inter-farm control Increased efficiency of drive-train/generator/converters Lighter, stronger materials and improved control of rotor blades Taller turbines

29. College of Engineering How to address grand challenges 29 #4. Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, visual/audible, impact on agriculture. Migratory birds and bats: mainly a siting issue Visual: a sociological issue Agriculture: Agronomists indicate wind turbines may help! These issues have not been significant yet. Today, in Iowa, there are ~2600 turbines, with capacity 3700 MW. At 2 MW/turbine, a growth to 60 GW would require 30000 turbines, and assuming turbines are located only on cropland having class 3 or better winds (about 1/6 of the state), this means these regions would see, on average, one turbine every 144 acres.