1. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 1 CNGS - CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso > “Neutrinos” and “Gran Sasso” > CNGS Schedule > Main components, installation at CERN > Neutrinos at CNGS (some numbers)

2. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 2 A sincere “ THANK YOU ! “ to the many colleagues who are contributing, at CERN and elsewhere, to the CNGS project

3. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 3 What are Neutrinos ( ) ?  elementary particles  come in three flavors (LEP) (pistachio, chocolate, vanilla)  electric charge: zero !  mass: very small zero?  interaction with matter: “very weak” “ the elusive particle “ Leptons electric particle charge e -1 e 0 ------------------------------------  -1  0 -------------------------------------  -1  0 + antiparticles

4. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 4 Where are the Neutrinos ?  “ all around us” -> radioactive decay of atomic nuclei (natural) n --> p + e + e every person is a neutrino – emitter: 340 millions per day 20 milligrams radioactive potassium ( 40 K)

5. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 5 Where are the Neutrinos ? -> from nuclear reactors -> from the sun 4x10 14 neutrinos per second from the sun are traversing our body, but......in 100 years, only 1 solar neutrino interacts with our body. One would need an iron block 10 16 meters long in order to “stop” 50% of the solar neutrinos

6. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 6 -> at accelerators… (high energy neutrinos) (proton + Nucleus -> pions -> decay)    Where are the Neutrinos ? -> from collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei in the atmosphere -> everywhere around us (cosmic...)...

7. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 7 How do we detect neutrinos ? e e p,n, ,K...     neutrinos interact VERY rarely with matter - when they do, they often produce a lepton of their “own flavour”: NOTE: a minimum amount of energy is needed (to create the mass of the lepton): m e = 0.5 MeV, - m  = 106 MeV - m  = 1770 MeV The higher the neutrino energy, the more likely the interaction !

8. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 8 Neutrino mass ?  Standard model of particle physics: masses “ZERO”  “Direct” mass measurements -> upper limits ( in decay experiments measuring kinetic energy of “the partner” ) m e < 2.2 eV m  < 170 keV m  < 15.5 MeV  What’s the problem ?  OBSERVATION 1 : SOLAR NEUTRINO “DEFICIT” only about 50% of the e expected are actually observed: e disappear “en route” from the sun to the earth …

9. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 9 OBSERVATION 2 : “ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINO ANOMALY” much less  “from below” observed w.r.t. expectations   disappear “en route” over 10’000 km … ?

10. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 10 Neutrino Oscillation ’ s change flavor ! Is this possible? --> Yes, “if neutrinos have mass”! Gran Sasso e  

11. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 11 In Dec. 1999, CERN council approved the CNGS project:  build an intense  beam at CERN-SPS  search for   appearance at Gran Sasso laboratory (730 km from CERN) “long base-line”   --   oscillation experiment note: K2K (Japan) completed; NuMI/MINOS (US) running

12. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 12

13. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 13 ORGANISATION of CNGS CERN INFN Convention builds and operates CNGS neutrino beam operates the Gran Sasso underground Laboratory, which houses detectors International Collaborations bilateral co-ordination committee CERN and LNGS scientific committees special contributions finance a large fraction of CNGS

14. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 14 The Gran Sasso Laboratory (LNGS)

15. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 15 730 km might seem too short - but look at the details : Background low enough, event rate still acceptable --> 730 km almost perfect AND, VERY IMPORTANT: - existing laboratory with its infrastructure (since 1987) - large halls directed to CERN - caverns in the GS mountains: 1500 m of rock shielding - tradition in very successful neutrino physics experiments (solar ’ s )

16. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 16 e  ,e,    p,n, ,K...  Detecting   at Gran Sasso -> look for the  lepton: extremely difficult -  travels less than 1 mm before decaying -> two approaches: (a) very good position resolution (see the decay “kink”) -> OPERA (b) very good energy and angle resolution -> ICARUS

17. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 17    decay “kink” ~ 0.6 mm Neutrinos Electron (or muon) Hadrons A tau event can be identified because it leaves several tracks starting at the same « point » (the neutrino interaction vertex) – one of the tracks (the tau) shows a kink after about ~1 mm.  A detector with excellent spatial resolution is required ! 1 mm

18. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 18 massive « target » : lead plates micrometric precision : emulsions assembled in small units called bricks  modular detector  rapid analysis 56 lead plates (1 mm thick) alternating with 56 photographic films (emulsions). 8.3kg 10.2 x 12.7 x 7.5 cm Brique Brick Pb Couche de gélatine photographique 40  m  1 mm

19. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 19 OPERA: 1800 tons of “detector mass” walls made of bricks (total more than 200’000) -> bricks made of “sandwiches” -> sandwiches made of lead and nuclear emulsion (type of film) artists view (2001)

20. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 20 artists view (2004)

21. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 21 Target SM1 SM2 Aimants OPERA status, November 2005

22. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 22 p + C  (interactions)   , K   (decay in flight)      CNGS beam-line: the main components (1) (based on CERN experience: PS / SPS neutrino beams -> WANF) “back to CERN”...

23. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 23 p + C  (interactions)   , K   (decay in flight)      CNGS: the main components (2) vacuum 700 m 100 m 1000m 67 m

24. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 24

25. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 25

26. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 26 CNGS schedule

27. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 27 CNGS works  ground breaking ceremony: 12 October 2000

29. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 29 CNGS civil engineering more than 3 km of tunnels and caverns (diameter 3.1 m -> 6.0 m) more than 45’000 m 3 rock to be removed more than 12’000 m 3 concrete to be “sprayed” or poured

30. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 30 CNGS -- proton beam -> protons from SPS, 400 GeV -> NEW fast extraction - tested in 2004 -> this extraction system needed for TI8 -> LHC transfer line (but modified for CNGS) -> CNGS p-beam branches off after  100 metres -> 700 metres of proton beam line to CNGS target (proton beam spot:  = 0.5 mm)

31. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 31 Electrical distribution box Beam position monitor control electronics Magnet Interlock electronics Dipole corrector Quadrupole 5.6% slope BEAM CNGS -- proton beam typical “half cell” 73 deflection (dipole) magnets (6.4 m long, 11 tons) + 21 quadrupole magnets + correction dipoles +...

32. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 32 Proton beam tunnel – February 2002

33. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 33 Proton beam tunnel – April 2003

34. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 34 Proton beam tunnel – Dec. 2004

35. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 35 Proton beam tunnel – Feb. 2005

36. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 36 Proton beam tunnel – 1 July 2005

37. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 37 Proton beam tunnel – 13 July 2005

38. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 38 Proton beam – November 2005

39. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 39 Proton beam: Monitoring equipment and vacuum system beam position beam profile ion pump

40. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 40 Proton beam: Final focusing towards the target

41. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 41 Proton beam: last beam position / beam profile monitors upstream of the target station collimator and shielding

42. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 42 -> 10 cm long graphite rods, Ø = 5mm and/or 4mm CNGS -- target proton beam Note: - target rods thin / interspaced to “let the pions out” - target rods need to be precisely aligned (0.1 mm) - target needs to be cooled (particle energy deposition)

43. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 43

44. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 44 target unit (assembly of Alu container)

45. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 45 target magazine (4 spare target units)

46. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 46 Target station installed in final configuration – 8 March 2006

47. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 47 target magazine with motors, in the lab

48. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 48 target station motor / indexing finger

49. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 49 CNGS -- focusing devices length: 6.5 m diameter: 70 cm weight: 1500 kg Pulsed devices: 150kA / 180 kA, 7 ms water-cooled: distributed nozzles

50. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 50 “Magnetic Horn” (S. van der Meer, CERN 1961)

51. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 51 0.35 m 35 GeV positively charged particles leaving the target Principle of focusing with a Magnetic Horn magnetic volume given by “one turn” at high current:  specially shaped inner conductor - end plates  cylindrical outer conductor inner conductor

52. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 52 secondary beam focusing with horn/reflector

53. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 53 CNGS -- focusing devices Design criteria: >95% probability to work for 20 Mio. pulses courtesy LAL/IN2P3

54. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 54 The inner conductor: - as thin as possible (particle absorption) - as thick as necessary (mechanical stability) courtesy LAL/IN2P3

55. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 55 reflector assembly – inner and first “barrel” of outer conductor

56. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 56 reflector assembly – inner and second “barrel” of outer conductor

57. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 57 reflector assembly – connection plate with GRAFOIL ring and glass disk

58. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 58 reflector assembly – connection plates onto first “barrel”

59. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 59 magnetic horn completed (in the laboratory)

60. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 60 horn in the lab – beam entrance side

61. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 61 horn in the lab – beam exit side (“neck”)

62. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 62 reflector transport – arrival at BA4

63. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 63 reflector transport – in the service gallery

64. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 64 horn installation in the target chamber – 31 Jan. 2006

65. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 65 Powering of a Magnetic Horn 6000 V / 9000 A 400 V / 150000 A ”Stripline”

66. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 66 “stripline” 150000 A

67. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 67 3 twisted cables 6000 V / 9000 A

68. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 68 in progress: horn roof closure

69. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 69 horn roof shielding completed

70. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 70 Helium Tank and shielding

71. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 71  / K profile at entrance to decay tunnel

72. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 72 CNGS -- decay tube - dimensions of decay tube:  2.45 m diameter steel tubes, 6 m long pieces, 1 km length  welded together in-situ  vacuum: ~1 mbar  tube embedded in concrete

73. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 73 decay tube sleeves produced and delivered “just in time”

74. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 74 6 m long section lowered down the CE shaft

75. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 75 6m long tube transported along the access gallery

76. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 76 target chamber: assembling the 18m long sections

77. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 77 18m section transported along the decay tunnel

78. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 78 Welding inside decay tube

79. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 79 CNGS -- hadron stop - hadron stop:  3.2 m graphite  15 m iron blocks  upstream end: water cooled

80. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 80 11 July 2003 – near the shaft PGCN graphite cooling modules

81. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 81

82. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 82 Hadron stop – 28 July 2003

83. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 83 Hadron stop – 2 Sept. 2003

84. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 84 CNGS -- muon detectors  

85. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 85 expected CNGS muon profiles first muon chamber second muon chamber

86. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 86 muon detectors (ionisation chambers)

87. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 87

88. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 88 Radial distribution of the   - beam at Gran Sasso detector cross section

89. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 89 Neutrinos at CNGS – some numbers: For 1 day of CNGS operation, we expect: protons on target2 x 10 17 pions / kaons at entrance to decay tunnel 3 x 10 17  in direction of Gran Sasso 10 17  in 100 m 2 at Gran Sasso 3 x 10 12  events per day in OPERA  25 per day  events (from oscillation)  2 per year

90. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 90

91. 29 June 2006 CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Seminar for CERN guides, by K. Elsener 91 more information: www.cern.ch/cngs