1. Ecosystems and Energy Chapter 3

2. Chapter 3 Primary Themes 1.Distinguish ecological levels 2.Define and explain energy 3.Laws of thermodynamics 4.Reactions for photosynthesis & respiration 5.Explain pyramids & webs in terms of energy, biomass, and relationships 6.Describe life in terms of GDP and NPP

3. What is Ecology? Ecology –

4. Level of organization – Ecology in a System: Ecosystem

5. Spheres of Organization Landscape Ecology – encompasses larger area and several ecosystems Biosphere – the whole earth

6. Energy Drives Life What types of energy are there?

7. The Energy of Life Potential vs. Kinetic Energy

8. Types of Energy 1.Chemical – 2.Radiant – 3.Thermal – 4.Mechanical - the energy of motion 5.Nuclear - atomic nuclei 6.Electrical - flow of charged particles

9. The Energy of Life Thermodynamics – the study of energy and its transformations.

10. The Energy of Life 1 st Law of Thermodynamics – energy can change forms, but is not created or destroyed 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics – “Entropy Rules!” amount of usable energy decreases as energy changes forms

11. The Energy of Life Photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O + radiant energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O + 6 O 2

12. The Energy of Life Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 + 6 H 2 O 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O + energy

13. The Energy of Life Case-in-Point: Life Without the Sun Hydrothermal Vents or Black Smokers Chemosynthesis Tube Worms See You Tube - black smokers

14. Chemosynthesis An extremophile is any microbe that thrives in extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, salinity, or concentrations of hostile chemicals. Extremophiles commonly belong to the kingdom Archaebacteria. Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis ______________________________________

15. The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers

16. The Path of Energy Flow Food Chains –

17. Food Webs –

18. The Path of Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass

19. The Path of Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Energy

20. The Path of Energy Flow Example: Thermodynamics in Action Desert: Primary producers = 100 g / m 2 Temperate forest: Primary producers = 1,500 g / m 2 Food webs very simple, very few tertiary consumers Food webs very complex, more tertiary consumers, some quaternary.

21. Primary Production Desert Biomass Pyramid Primary producers = 100 g / m 2 Primary consumers = 10 g / m 2 Secondary consumers = 1.0 g / m 2 Tertiary consumers = 0.1 g / m 2 Tertiary consumers must range over large areas to obtain enough energy to subsist. such as... 13.5 kg coyote must range ~12 ha to subsist (30 acres).

22. Primary Production Temperate Forest Biomass Pyramid Primary producers = 1,500 g / m 2 Primary consumers = 150 g / m 2 Secondary consumers = 15 g / m 2 Tertiary consumers = 1.5 g / m 2 13.5 kg coyote only needs ~1 ha to subsist (2.5 acres). Also, possibility of quaternary consumers, like bears. NOTE: just relative examples, not accurate

23. The Path of Energy Flow Ecosystem Productivity Net Primary Productivity Gross Primary Productivity Plant cellular respiration =

24. The Path of Energy Flow Ecosystem Productivity