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Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids.

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Presentation on theme: "Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids."— Presentation transcript:

1 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids

2 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Section 10.8 CHANGES OF STATE (PHASE TRANSISTIONS) 1) MELTING: s  l 2) FREEZING: l  s 3) VAPORIZATION: l  g 4) SUBLIMATION: s  g 5)CONDENSATION: LIQUEFACTION: g  l DEPOSITION: g  s

3 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 VAPOR PRESSURE VAPORIZATION: LIQUID MOLECULES ESCAPE LIQUIDS SURFACE TO FORM A GAS PROCESS IS ENDOTHERMIC: ENERGY REQUIRED TO OVERCOME INTERMOLECULAR FORCES IN THE LIQUID

4 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 Figure 10.36 Behavior of a Liquid in a Closed Container

5 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5 Figure 10.37 The Rates of Condensation and Evaporation

6 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM MOLECULES STILL LEAVING THE LIQUID & COMING BACK CONDENSATION & VAPORIZATION STILL OCCURING

7 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID VAPOR PRESSURE AT EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM VAPOR PRESSURE TWO OPPOSING PROCESSES OCCURING AT THE SAME RATE; THEREFORE, NO OBSERVABLE CHANGE

8 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8... is the pressure of the vapor present at equilibrium.... is determined principally by the size of the intermolecular forces in the liquid.... increases significantly with temperature. Volatile liquids have high vapor pressures.

9 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9 Figure 10.38 Vapor Pressure

10 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 VOLATILE: LIQUIDS WITH HIGH VAPOR PRESSURE LIQUIDS W/ LARGE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES: REL. LOW VAPOR PRESSURE SINCE MOLECULES NEED HIGH ENERGIES TO ESCAPE VAPOR PHASE LIQUIDS W/ LARGE MOLAR MASSES: REL. LOW VAPOR PRESSURE BECAUSE OF LARGE LDF; ATOMS ARE MORE POLARIZABLE

11 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Vapor Pressure INCREASES SIGNIFICANTLY WITH TEMPERATURE

12 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 Figure 10.39 The Number of Molecules in a Liquid With a Given Energy Versus Kinetic Energy at Two Temperatures

13 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 Figure 10.40 The Vapor Pressure of Water

14 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14 ln (P vap ) =[-  H vap/ /R] [1/T] + C  H vap = enthalpy of vaporization R = universal gas constant T = Temperature in Kelvin

15 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15 CLAUSIUS – CLAPEYRON EQUATION ln (P vap, T(1) / P vap, T(2) ) = [  H vap /R] [1/T 2 - 1/T 1 ]

16 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16 Figure 10.42 Heating Curve for Water

17 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17 HEATING CURVE FOR WATER TWO IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS: 1)TEMP. OF A SUBSTANCE REMAINS CONSTANT DURING A PHASE CHANGE 2)TEMP. RISES WHEN HEAT IS INPUTED WHILE A SUBSTANCE IS IN ONE PHASE

18 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18 Melting Point Molecules break loose from lattice points and solid changes to liquid. (Temperature is constant as melting occurs.) vapor pressure of solid = vapor pressure of liquid

19 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19 Figure 10.43 The Vapor Pressures of Solid and Liquid Water

20 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 20 Boiling Point Constant temperature when added energy is used to vaporize the liquid. vapor pressure of liquid = pressure of surrounding atmosphere

21 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 21 NORMAL BOILING POINT TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF A LIQUID IS EXACTLY 1 ATMOSPHERE

22 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22 CHANGES IN STATE DO NOT ALWAYS OCCUR AT EXACTLY THE BOILING POINT OR MELTING POINT SUPER COOLING: WATER REMAINS LIQUID BELOW 0°C AT 1 ATM. SUPERHEATING: REMAINS LIQUID ABOVE ITS BOILING POINT

23 Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 23 Figure 10.46 The Supercooling of Water

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