1. China’s Tradition of Giving: A Historical Background Caroline Reeves Harvard University Fairbank Center Jointly Addressing Challenges to Humanitarian Aid, Beijing PRC October 22, 2015

3. CHINESE GIVING—PART OF CHINA’S Guocui— National essence, national patrimony 國粹

4. Confucian Interdependence of State, Nature and People’s Welfare The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifices at the Altar of the God of Agriculture (detail), 1723-35 (Anonymous court artists, Qing dynasty) Handscroll; ink and color on silk,61.8 x 467.8 cm © The Palace Museum, BeijingThe Palace Museum, Beijing

12. Japanese Red Cross Society

13. “The overarching challenge…is how to move beyond the mere recognition of cultural specificity and difference to humanitarian policies that embrace difference and diversity.” Hirono and O’Hagan, Cultures of Humanitarianism: Perspectives from the Asia- Pacific, p.11 (2012)

14. THANK YOU! Caroline Reeves creeves@post.harvard.edu