1. Change of States and Laws of Thermodynamics Chapter 12.2 pg. 285-294

2. Change of State 3 states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. 3 states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases.

3. Vocabulary Melting point- change from solid to a liquid. Melting point- change from solid to a liquid. Boiling point- change from liquid to a gas. Boiling point- change from liquid to a gas. Heat of fusion- amount of energy needed to melt 1 kilogram of a substance. Heat of fusion- amount of energy needed to melt 1 kilogram of a substance. Heat of vaporization- the thermal energy needed to vaporize 1 kilogram of a liquid. Heat of vaporization- the thermal energy needed to vaporize 1 kilogram of a liquid.

4. Variables/Formulas Q= heat required Q= heat required H f = heat of fusion H f = heat of fusion m= mass m= mass H v = heat of vaporization H v = heat of vaporization Heat Required to Melt Q=mH f Heat Required to Melt Q=mH f Heat Required to Vaporize Q=mH v Heat Required to Vaporize Q=mH v

5. First Law of Thermodynamics Is the total increase in thermal energy of a system is the sum of the work done on it and the heat added to it. Is the total increase in thermal energy of a system is the sum of the work done on it and the heat added to it.

6. Heat Engine A heat engine is a device that is able to convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously. A heat engine is a device that is able to convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously.

7. Refrigerators and heat pumps Heat flows from a warm body to a cold body. Heat flows from a warm body to a cold body. It is possible remove thermal energy from a colder body and add it to a warmer body. It is possible remove thermal energy from a colder body and add it to a warmer body. Mechanical energy is required to transfer heat from a cold object to a warmer one. Mechanical energy is required to transfer heat from a cold object to a warmer one.

8. Second Law of Thermodynamics States that natural processes go in a direction that maintains or increases the total entropy of the universe. States that natural processes go in a direction that maintains or increases the total entropy of the universe.

9. Entropy Measures the amount of disorder in a system. Measures the amount of disorder in a system. This means a high quality item changes into a low quality item through the process. This means a high quality item changes into a low quality item through the process.

10. Works Cited Zitzewitz, Paul W. Physics Principles and Problems. 2002 ed. New York: Glencoe,2002. Print.